这是一个线段。从钟鼓楼在北到雍丁门在南，7.8公里。它
「为什么北京叫北京？算定的首都，不是选定的」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下为本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
这是一条线。 7.8 公里，从钟鼓楼在北到永定门在南。
它穿过皇宫,穿过祭坛和祭祀的寺庙，穿过城市最繁华的街区,
两边的建筑以对称的方式布局。
这条线路已有超过700年的历史，至今仍是城市的骨架。
它的长度 — 根据中国国家文化遗产管理局的说法，是世界上最长的城市轴线。
这个地方被称为许多不同的名字。
每个名字都标志着一个新的主人。
最早的名字是“济”。约在公元前1045年 — 周武王推翻商朝之后 — 黄帝的后代在这里被封为诸侯；
另一个传说是帝尧的后代。
那一年，帝尧的子孙征服了这片土地，
楚庄王的子孙在今北京市房山区的栗柳河被封为燕国的公爵，
燕国的国都设在栗柳河附近的今房山区。
北京作为一座城市的历史始于此时的燕国被封给了姬姓的子孙。
随后千年间，这片土地一直是边疆。
秦汉时期称为济，亦称幽州
"幽"本身含有远方地方的意思
938年第一次被称为"京"
契丹人占领十六州，升幽州为南京，也称燕京
但要明确的是：契丹的首都位于上京，
南京只是一个次要的首都 —— 这是北京声称“首都”的起点，但还不是一个国家的中心。
它在1153年成为真正的首都，当时女真金国的皇子海陵王将首都迁至此地，并将其更名为中都。 一个容易混淆的点：年份为1153的历史记录
在两个朝代的统治年号下出现，分别是“天德5”和“真元1”，因为在那一年统治年号已经改变了
它们指的是同一个事件，而不是两个不同的事件。
从那一年开始，北京已经有超过870年的历史作为首都了。
然后是元朝和大都，于1272年命名。
明朝建立后，它被称为北平——"北方平定"。
然后，1403年，北平被更名为北京。
这就是“北京”两个字的起源。
随后，清朝称它为京师。
1928年，国家首都迁往南方，名称又恢复为北平，
这时北平也被定为特别市——这是北京首次正式被设立为
一座城市。然后在1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议
决议将北平更名为北京，并将其定为首都。
算一算名字的变更次数。有一个名字已经使用了超过600年，
而有21个时候被拿走了。
那就是北京了。
把北平变成北京的那个人叫做朱棣。
他是朱元璋的第四个儿子。
洪武三年，1370年，他被封为燕王；
而只有洪武十三年，1381年，他才搬到北平居住。
这两个年份相差十一年。
当时北京是大都的边疆。
朱棣在这里居住了十多年，驻守边境，训练军队。
1399年，他聚集了一支大军南下。
他要征服南京，历经三年之久。
1402年，他夺取了皇位。
做了皇帝，他做了很多宫廷中反对的决定。
他把首都从南京转移到他作为孩子时获得的封地。
1403年，礼部尚书李志刚上奏要求提升北平的地位。
朝廷同意。北平被更名为北京，北平府改称顺天府。这是“北京”之名的起始地。
三年后，1406年，出令修建。
到1420年，宫殿和城墙已经修建完成了。
1421年第一月，首都正式迁移。
从改名到迁移，过去了18年时间。
他搬迁得非常缓慢，也非常稳妥。
在这里需要补充一件事情。谁设计了紫禁城?
最常被讲述的故事是喬象设计了紫禁城。
然而，这个故事在官方历史中没有任何依据。
史书中记载了崔相是明代出色的工匠和建筑大师，他
参与了宫殿的修建；把整个宫城的设计归功于一个人是后来的传说。实际上发生的事情是这样的：这些人没有留下名字，花了十几年时间用砖头一块块堆起来的。 这部电影只把他描述成一个传说。
现在我们来问一个更现实的问题：北京靠什么生活呢？
在农业时代，这里并不是一个适合城市发展的地方。
没有大型粮仓，北面有山脉，冬天很冷。
要说几十万人，或者一百万人，那么粮食从哪里来呢？
答案是：粮食是从南方通过水路运来的。
And the key to moving grain was water.
Once the Yuan made Dadu its capital, a problem appeared.
The Grand Canal ended in Shandong, so grain barges had to stop at Tongzhou.
From there the grain went into the city overland — a few dozen li,
carried on backs and hauled by cart — and the cost was extremely high.
The man who solved this was Guo Shoujing.
In Zhiyuan 28, 1291, he presented eleven points on water management to Kublai Khan.
His proposal was to draw water from Baifu Spring in Changping,
run it southeast to join the canal, and bring the barges straight into Dadu itself.
Work began in the spring of 1292 and was finished in the autumn of 1293.
Its total length: 164 li, about 82 kilometers.
On 26 August 1293 — written in the History of Yuan as the dingchou day of the seventh month
of Zhiyuan 30 — Kublai Khan named the river the Tonghui River and granted Guo Shoujing 12,500
strings of paper money. The histories also recorded the labour that went into it.
19,129 soldiers. 542 craftsmen. 319 boatmen.
172 convicts whose property had been confiscated.
2.85 million man-days in all. Once the river was open,
grain barges could sail straight into Jishuitan, inside Dadu — the place we now call Shichahai.
Jishuitan was now the northernmost grain port of the Grand Canal.
In the middle and late Yuan, grain landed here at a peak of two to three
million dan a year. So there is one line to end this act with.
The foundation of a capital was laid with grain carried in from a thousand kilometers away.
This system ran for centuries. But it came at a price.
Every li of the canal had someone pulling on it.
Under the grain-transport system, the grain did not carry itself:
boats on the canal were hauled by men, and the water level was controlled by locks.
The cost of building the city weighed just as heavily.
Timber, brick, stone, labour — requisitioned from every part of the country,
and many of those people left no names behind.
There was another cost, too, and it was the water itself.
Once Baifu Spring was diverted, the waterway silted up again and again over the centuries,
and was repaired again and again.
In recent times the Tonghui River ceased entirely to function as a grain route.
Beijing today is a city short of water, and the water it does have comes from
far away. The arrangement that once fed a capital ended up changing the waterways of the
whole region. In the modern era another dispute appeared.
Should the old city be protected, and to what extent?
Should the people living inside it be moved out?
That dispute is not new. What is clear is the recent legislation.
On 1 October 2022, the Regulations on the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the Beijing Central Axis
took effect. After the Central Axis was inscribed, the Regulations on the Protection of the Beijing
Central Axis as World Cultural Heritage were promulgated and took effect on 30 May 2025.
And the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on the Protection of the Great Wall were adopted on
28 November 2025, to take effect on 1 March 2026.
Three separate instruments, three separate years, all of them within the last four years.
What must be protected will be protected.
That is the direction that has been set.
As to how, and how to balance protection against use,
opinions have always differed. This film lists the existing regulations and the facts as they stand.
It does not sit in judgment.
We are not the ones who decide where that line falls,
and we are not going to pretend otherwise.
On 27 July 2024, at 11:15 in the morning, at the 46th session of the World Heritage Committee
in New Delhi, India, the Beijing Central Axis was inscribed on the World Heritage List
all its elements at once. It is made up of fifteen component sites.
Counting from north to south: the Bell and Drum Towers,
Wanning Bridge, Jingshan, the Forbidden City, Duanmen, Tiananmen, the Outer Golden Water Bridges,
the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the Altar of Land and Grain,
Tiananmen Square and its buildings, Zhengyangmen, the surviving road remains of the southern Central Axis,
the Temple of Heaven, the Altar of the First Farmer,
and Yongding Gate. They fall into five categories: ancient imperial palace and garden architecture;
ancient imperial sacrificial architecture; ancient urban management facilities; state ceremonial and public buildings;
and surviving central road remains. This arrangement embodies the ideal capital paradigm recorded in the Kaogongji.
That is the World Heritage Centre''s formulation, not ours.
The heritage area covers 589 hectares, with a buffer zone of 4,542 hectares.
The line was begun in the Yuan, took shape in the Ming,
and is now more than seven centuries old.
Beijing today has eight World Cultural Heritage sites.
Zhoukoudian, where the Peking Man was found.
The Great Wall. The Forbidden City.
The Summer Palace. The Temple of Heaven.
The Ming Tombs. The Grand Canal.
And the Beijing Central Axis, inscribed in 2024.
That is the highest count of any city in the world.
The city also has 135 Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level,
likewise the highest of any city in the country, along with 14 UNESCO intangible cultural heritage
items. And beyond all these listings, there is one thing in Beijing that has not been
inscribed. The courtyards in the hutongs and the siheyuan where people still live.
Below the Bell and Drum Towers, people are out walking in the morning.
Beside the Altar of the First Farmer, children run past on their way home from school.
In the old neighborhoods, laundry hangs between the courtyard walls,
bicycles lean against the gateposts, and the smell of cooking comes through the doorway.
Nothing about any of it is on a list, and nothing about it is trying to
be. All of it is the reason the rest of it was worth protecting.
A capital seven centuries old, in the end, comes back down to this everyday life.
Look back at this city. It was put here not because this was the best place
to grow grain, and not because it was the richest.
It was put here because it is in the north,
where it could hold the steppe and the Central Plains at the same time.
To keep it alive, grain from the south was loaded onto boats and carried more than
a thousand kilometers north along the water, to come ashore at Jishuitan.
The city did not grow where the food was.
It moved the food to where the city was.
So there is the argument this film has been making.
A city cannot feed itself. Every wall, every gate, every courtyard along that line,
stood on grain that came from somewhere else.
The waterway that joined the south to the north is the Grand Canal.
It was inscribed as World Cultural Heritage in 2014, and that inscription includes the Tonghui River section
in Beijing. Beijing''s stretch is only its tail end.
The real starting point, the busiest part, is in the south.
Next time, we follow the canal south, to Yangzhou.
The measurements they took are still accurate today.
Seven-point-eight kilometers. One hundred and sixty-four li.
A date in August 1293. They had no instruments to check their work against,
and no way to know that anyone would ever look.
Whatever they used to set that line, the line held.
The full transcript for this film, the bibliography, and further reading are at sylogs.com.
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▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：Why is Beijing called Beijing? The capital that was calculated, not chosen