紫禁城内有许多宫井，根据明清的记载，宫井被详细记录下来，显示了宫井在当时的重要性。宫井的水流向一直是人们关注的话题，尤其是在下雨时，宫井的水流会不断涌出，引人好奇。 Forbidden City 的水去向一直是人们关注的焦点，尤其是在下雨时，水流会从 1,142 个石龙头中流出，形成一道壮观的景象。这些石龙头是 Forbidden City 防洪系统的一部分，负责将雨水和积水排出宫殿，保护宫殿的安全。
「一场暴风雨，1142块石龙头：故宫的水去哪了？ | 神州04」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下為本集影片的完整图文转录，可逐字阅读，也可前往影片页观看对应画面。
故宫内有井。
明清史料中，宫内井水一一记载：有的被注明“甘甜适饮”；
还有很多被写作“废井”
这座城市并不缺水
城外的水道就已经建成
然而，每天皇宫厨房使用的水
都需要从城外运来
为什么呢
从废井开始
明代，刘若愚写了一本书
叫做《灌中志》，记录了皇宫的运作情况
它提到了几个井：一个位于小石桥东侧，“甜且适合饮用”；一个是在万历年间开凿的，“极甜。 ”
井也各有不同的用途。
故宫博物院研究馆员周倩曾描述井水是宫廷的“主要供水来源， ”既供饮用，又供灭火。
谈到消防，刘若宇在同一本书中又添加了一条信息：内金水河被保留用于灭火，因为“如果我们只依靠井水，能救多少呢？”皇宫里的扫地、浇水和洗涤也都取水于这些井中。
那一口井独自站在众井之中:
大厨房井在心修炼堂。康熙八年，1651年，一条规矩被颁布:
每年十月初旬，前大厨房井面前祭祀井神。
故宫博物院的官方网站描述了这口井的水为“清澈、甜美、冰凉的。”
是否有人负责井的维护？可以确认的是，井的修理，而不是每年一次的疏浚。
位于嘉德厅右门西侧的八角井曾经被清理过一次，于1626年。 之后味道并没有改变，朱洲中智简单地写道：“一个真正的废弃井。”
每年有一个固定的例行程序：农历三月四日，宫廷的水道被清理，铜水桶被擦洗并重新装满刚刚抽取的清水。
那每个井都被每年打扫
因为我们找不到明代的
相关记载.
所以宫中井水并不是
全部不可饮用。有的是可以饮用
有的已经干涸了。关于这一点
记载互相矛盾。
为什么要到城外找水呢？
因为当时的人们
把城市的水情况
都写了下来。
明代的徐崇在《暖书有笔》中写道：
京城的井水大多咸苦
不能喝。 李时珍在《本草纲目》中指出原因：当城市的水井靠近沟渠和下水道时，废物渗入水中，水变成碱性。清代，燕京杂记中有一位匿名作者写道： "京城的水口感最差。
王允,写的早些时候,是在元朝:
" 在人口密集的地方，水通常是咸的；有几百口井,其中只有一个或两个能够发出清澈的泉水。"
这些记载描述的是整个北京城,而不是禁城内的井。 现代解释
盐淡味的原因来自
研究中的地下水化学
而不是历史记载
的时间。
墙外的水线
并不是清朝的发明。
至治元年（1328年）
元朝时，郭守敬建议将长城外的白浮泉引水入京，水流由北向西，过北宫门，南转，经西水关入城。《元史》卷二十六水利志中记载了此路线。
元朝还开凿了金水河
，将玉泉山的水引进到皇城
和宫殿。那个时候有一个规定
：禁止在金水河里洗手。 1322年的诏令记载
“在创业帝时期，洗手于金水河被禁止”
——当时人们已经在那里给马浇水了。
后来，白浮线断裂。
明朝修建了昌平的皇陵
后，朝廷讨论是否需要疏浚
此水道，最后得出结论称“水流逆
流，西流而过祖陵，这很可能
是不合适的，
”所以没有进行修复。
1471年，又有一次派人
去察看，结论同样是这样。
一旦白佛停止供应，玉泉山的水便成为京城的主要来源了。
清朝的皇宫也从那里取水。
那么，玉泉山的水为什么那么有名呢？乾隆十六年——1751年——皇帝写了一篇文章：《玉泉山下天下第一泉记》。
同一年的诏令上写道，“尝过名泉，我认为这泉水是天下第一。”
他所判断的不是味道。是重量。
方法在这篇文章中：
“用银量器相比”，
用同一银量器装满不同水样，
称重，轻的排第一。
玉泉山的水：一斗
济南的珍珠泉：一两二两六
长江金山泉：一两三两六
会泉和虎跑泉：各一两四两六
清凉山、白沙、虎丘和西山的绿云寺的水各一两一分
这篇文章又加了一行：雪水比玉泉少三两，但“一年四季难得”。
这是乾隆亲自编写的清单。 要判断今天的水质，我们是通过
化学分析，而不是通过重量来评估的。
水是如何进入宫殿的呢？是通过陆路。水车装载自翠泉山，通过西直门进来，然后通过神威门进入宫殿。
一份记载称，在溥仪退位之后,
仍然有运送玉泉水的车辆
每天傍晚通过神威门。
西直门有个外号叫水门。
这个名称并不是因为这里有
水门闸，而是因为运送水的车辆
都通过这个门。 在老城门,
拱门上镶嵌着一块白玉雕刻
，刻着水波的图案，称为“西直门水
纹”。现在已经不见了。
绕道走了另一条路：内金水河
从神武门西侧的水门进入宫殿
，从东光荣门南侧的水门离开。
这是在2016年由当时故宫博物院院长单霽787
发表的公开声明
一辆车，一道闸
两条完全不同的路线
谁在经营?在清朝,
则是由皇室内务府
负责的机构是内务府内大臣衙门
也称为掌管衙门
康熙二十二年,
在此建立了一个车辆仓库，由四名官员管理。
多少人呢？这里有两种说法。一个说法是张官府有四千九百五十名属员——但是那是整个衙门，不是只水夫。
The other says water carrying fell to
the Imperial Kitchen, with one hundred and
three men on the duty.
Both accounts are cited.
For the number of men whose sole
duty was carrying water, we found no
primary record. How much water came in
each day, or each year — likewise not
found.
There is one more thing we could
not find. In the Qing there was
a work called the Palace History.
Two of its chapters record daily expenses,
allowances and offerings in the palace.
Milk, tea, vessels, ice chests — each listed
item by item. Water is not there.
Another work, the Collected Regulations of the
Palace, sets out the daily allowances from
empress dowager down to the lowest-ranked consorts.
It has no entry for water either.
On the Palace Museum''s own website,
the emperor''s daily allowance is said to
include "twelve jars of Jade Spring water. "
That figure carries no archival citation.
Another set of numbers circulating online
fifty jars for the emperor, twenty-five for
the empress dowager, twenty for the empress,
two for a maid — we could not
trace, and it does not match the
twelve. How the water was divided up
after it reached the palace, we found
no primary record for either.
Water had another form in the palace:
ice. Ice was cut in more than
one place. The archives and the Collected
Statutes of the Great Qing record the
waters used: the Tongzi River around the
Forbidden City, the Jingshui or Imperial River,
and the Lotus Pond at Longwangtang.
In the early Qing, ice was cut
as far away as the Tongzhou channel;
after 1754 Tongzhou was dropped and more ice
was cut on the Imperial River each
year. The ice was stored in icehouses
outside the Longzong Gate.
The Collected Statutes record: "within the Forbidden
City, five icehouses, storing twenty-five thousand blocks"
each block a foot and a half
square. Four icehouses still stand in the
palace today. Ice was not only for
the palace. In the ninth year of
Shunzhi a rule was set: every year
from midsummer until the start of autumn,
the princes, the ministers and the censors
all received ice.
Ice was collected on a ticket.
The Board of Works issued ice tickets,
and the holder came to collect.
Not only people inside the palace either.
Outside the ten city gates, and at
the four memorial arches east and west,
fourteen official summer-broth stations were set up
for soldiers and civilians.
The system was interrupted in the middle:
suspended in 1674, restored in the Qianlong reign.
So "the Qing issued ice throughout" is
not accurate. It stopped once.
That spring, the one Qianlong weighed at
one liang — what of it today?
The springs of Jade Spring Mountain stopped
flowing completely in 1975. Beijing''s plan for treating
groundwater overdraft, covering 2023 to 2025, still lists "accelerating
ecological restoration of the Jade Spring Mountain
and Baifu Spring areas" as a task
that is, as of that plan,
it has not recovered.
The water Beijing drinks has changed source.
Guanting Reservoir began supplying water in 1954,
and stopped supplying Beijing''s domestic water in 1977
as quality declined. Miyun Reservoir was completed
in 1960; from 1982 it stopped supplying Hebei and
Tianjin and went to Beijing alone.
In December 2014, the middle route of the
South-to-North Water Diversion began delivering water to
the city. The " Finest Spring Under Heaven"
stele still stands beside the spring at
the southern foot of Jade Spring Mountain.
Jade Spring Mountain is used today by
a state institution and is not open
to the public.
What became of the stored ice?
Of the four icehouses still standing in
the palace, three have become restaurants and
one a storeroom. The area is a
visitor service zone now.
When did the water carts stop?
The Beijing water company was approved in 1908
and began supplying in 1910; its stated range
ran "inward as far as the Forbidden
City. " Whether it ever actually supplied the
palace has two accounts.
One says it did.
The other, from the recollection of an
old employee of the works, says the
pipe into the palace served firefighting only:
it entered from the East Glorious Gate,
ran about three hundred metres, and ended
at the Wenchang Pavilion — and the palace
still drank water delivered by cart.
The exact year the carts stopped,
we could not find.
The latest marker is 5 November 1924, when Puyi
left the palace. Jade Spring''s water was
still there then: a survey in 1928 still
recorded eight springs. What stopped was the
system, not the source.
Back to the question at the start.
There are wells in the palace.
Some of their water could be drunk,
some could not; the wells were sacrificed
to, and repaired. That the city''s water
was unpleasant is written down by the
people of the time.
Qianlong used a silver measure to place
Jade Spring''s water first on a list
he drew up himself.
So every day water carts came into
the city: from Jade Spring Mountain,
in through Xizhimen, in through the Gate
of Divine Might. Who managed it,
how many men, how much came in
each day — the offices can be traced;
the figures mostly cannot.
Once the water reached the palace,
part of it became ice, stored outside
the Longzong Gate and handed out on
tickets in summer. This way of moving
water ran from the Yuan, when Jade
Spring was diverted into the capital,
all the way to 1924.
And the water of Jade Spring Mountain
where did that come from?
Shenzhou: China''s Living Heritage.
The transcript and bibliography are at sylogs.com.
▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：One storm, 1,142 stone dragon heads: where does the Forbidden City''s water go? | Shenzhou 04