总第 25 集｜爱国者还是叛徒？孙中山在广州 ——谁为他的总统职位背书？ | 神州大地第 25 集

《神州大地》系列 總第 25 集：「爱国者还是卖国贼？孙中山在广州 ——谁为他的总统职位提供资金？| 神州大地第 25 集」是本集影片的完整图文转录，可逐字阅读，也可前往影片页观看对应画面。

上一集，天

老城上的天

变了

冯玉祥的枪

把最后

一个皇帝溥仪

从紫禁城

拉了出来

赶走了

总统曹锟

从权

…

数千里南方的广州

又有一个人在悄悄地重组着军队和党派。 他的

名字叫孙中山

（顺带一提，别

把人搞混了：“孙”

是他的

名，“中山”

是他的

字。在当时

一向尊长

用字称呼

不用名

比如北方

强人段

祺瑞就

被称作“智泉”。 所以当你听到

"孙文"和

"孙中山"被

互相替换

时，他们其实是同一个人

。）记住这个名字

孙中山。他的

一生都在呼吁

"救国"。 然而,
奇怪的是，他的一生中也
从外国人那里借来
的东西很多 —
钱、枪、顾问和
重建一个党的整个
方法。在1924年，
在广州，他突然
一下子拥有了:
一个崭新的党派，
一个崭新的军事
学院，和无穷无尽
的卢布和步枪。 然而就在几年前，为了

借他的第一枚硬币和他的第一把枪，他已经

将一大片的国土借给了

邻国

这个人是爱国者，还是叛徒

这个插曲并没有给你

带来结论——它只是逐步把事实

呈现出来

说“借给外国人”不是

比喻的语言

。 他真正

走了很远去

写信和

借书。他从

俄罗斯借了东西

在北方，从

日本借了东西

在东方。他所借的东西

变成了

子弹，或权力的

印记，或在

有约定的协议上

放弃的权利。

一个哭喊“救救国家”的

人，他的筹码往往是

外国钱和枪支——这个

场景本身就值得深思

长久

这个故事不是关于一个

卡通式的恶人。孙中山有

他的执着、他的坚韧

在一次又一次的失败

中，以及他对一个

腐败的时代的厌恶。 然而同一

人为了实现

自己的总统梦想

也做了些

后世难以原谅的事

让我们逐一

分析。首先，那封

寄往东京的信

回想一下1914年

那年，孙中山

已经是心灰意冷的人了。 两年前，第二次革命

他对袁世凯的起义

在第一次冲击下

崩溃了。他逃到

东京，生活在

流放中，等待机遇。一

个没有钱，没有基础，没有

军队，躲在外国屋檐下的

革命者能做一件

实际的事情

写信。

5月11日，他写了一

封长信。信

件的收件人是

日本首相

大隈重信

大隈重信伯爵阁下

首相阁下：我

认为日本今日

应该协助中国

的复兴，以

拯救东亚的

危机；

而中国的回报

将是打开她的

国家市场，来

惠及日本

的工业和

商业。中国可能

打开她的整个

市场来惠及

日本的工业

和商业，并

使日本能够

享受贸易

优势的垄断权。 如果中国

拥有关税自主权

那么她

就应该与日本

结成关税联盟

日本制造的产品

卖到中国

应免关税

中国送给日本的原料

也应免关税

至于领事

司法权的撤回

日本可以先

承认它

从而使得日本人

可以在中国

居住和经商

有利于中国的便利。 于是

日本没有

像英属印度那样

负担英国的费用

和驻军和行政

费用，获得了

在中国的巨大市场

利润翻倍

孙中山印鉴："孙中山印鉴"），大正三年

五月十一日

中华民国三年

停下来细细品味

的对比。1914年日本是什么样的？ 它刚刚

吞并了

韩国

不久前

，并以饥渴的眼光

注视着

东北地区

。 它的

下一步行动将是

臭名昭著的

二十一条要求

在这种时候，

一个邻国在

磨刀霍霍之际，

孙逸仙写道：

同一民族，同一

命运，相互

依存

提供整个

国家市场

关税自主权，和

领事

管辖权给

日本。 一位哭泣的男子

拯救民族

伸手去拿刀子

被那最急切要割裂

中国的

人握在手中

这封1914年的信

并不是孤立的案例。 在

此类信件

到达日本

军方人员（如

田中义一），右翼领袖

如

东亚真人

犬养毅

杉山元

他们的要求

都是相同的

提供资金和

武器来帮助

他统一中国，并

讨论关税、法律

权利和市场的

让步。

1918 年的 "中日联盟"据说是

与此类似

同样也影响了

东北地区

其真实性存疑

我们并不依靠它

只是记下了这一说法

1914年给大隈的

信是黑白分明，

收藏在他的作品

中无可辩驳

有人为他辩护：他

是被逼的，没有

外援，革命

失败了

放弃关税和法律

权利是必要的，而不是他

真正的心意。 他人

不会宽恕

国家

主权不是

太阳的私有

财产，

可以用来

换取他自己的

政治资本

这段插曲

对任何人都无

需负责

但是，这个

记录是最早

和最明显

的自私行为的

记录。记住

这个事件的余波

持续了十年。 到1924年，他已经与苏联结盟了，然而这些早期的承诺仍然像阴影一样紧跟在他后面。 后来的历史学家挖掘了他们，
并问了同样的问题：如果一个人的救国需要抵押国土，
那么这个国家是谁的？
切换到八年后的夏季，1922年
这一次，孙中山不在东京写信;
他在广州，正在接受炮火。 6月16日夜，

陈继铭

命令他的下属

轰炸总统府。孙中山

惊慌失措地逃往一

艘名叫永丰的

战舰

，但这艘船

被困在珠江

的波涛中，

几乎50天没有

靠岸。炮弹

击中了船体，

食物和水

进进出出。

要成为国民的指挥者的人

被困在自己的首都河里

动弹不得。 （Why did that

shot ring out

In 1921 Sun had

taken office in

Canton as

Extraordinary

President, bent on a

Northern

Expedition

draining Kwangtung

of troops and

provisions to fight

the northern

warlords. Chen

Jiongming instead

argued to first

secure Kwangtung

and let the

provinces govern

themselves. He would

not pour

Kwangtung''s lives

and money into that

northern campaign

Sun wanted

concentrated power

Chen wanted to

devolve it to the

localities. The

clash grew so bitter

that Sun simply

dismissed Chen

stripping him of

both the Kwangtung

army command and the

provincial

governorship. The

troops still sat in

Canton; the general

had been robbed of

his seal. On the night

of June 16, 1922

Chen''s subordinate

Ye Ju surrounded the

Presidential

Palace and demanded

Sun step down. In a

word: this was no

sudden betrayal, but

two roads, two

visions of "China

meeting muzzle to

muzzle.）

A detail, very Sun. On

the cabin wall he

pasted two

characters

Northern

Expedition." He

stared at them day

after day. For fifty

days, the fighting

raged outside, the

words pinned within

a defeated man''s

obsession reveals

sometimes more

clearly than any

victor''s manifesto

what he truly meant

to do. What he brooded

on was "unification

by force, welding

north and south into

a China that

answered to him

Now it is time to do

Chen Jiongming

justice. In this

episode he cannot be

written merely as

the rebel who

bombarded the

palace" — that was a

label others stuck

on him. In the years

Chen governed

Kwangtung he did

real things: he

banned gambling

with an iron hand

sweeping away the

opium dens and

casinos; he promoted

education

vigorously

encouraging

universities and

newspapers; he

pushed local

self-government

letting county

assemblies

actually speak. He

too had a "map of China

only his map

differed from Sun''s

Chen wanted "federal

self-government": a

China where each

province first set

its own house in

order, then joined

loosely — provinces

with their own

charters, electing

their own officials

growing peacefully

into a modern state

Sun wanted

unification by

force": first the gun

then a strong center

kneading the whole

country into one

Which road lay

closer to "saving the

nation"? The debate

rages to this day. Yet

what happened then

was this: Sun wanted

the Northern

Expedition; Chen

would not send

troops. Sun wanted to

concentrate power

Chen wanted to

release it to the

localities — the

divergence widened

until the shell was

loaded

Where did Sun''s

self-interest" hide

Not in the words "save

the nation" — that was

most likely sincere

It hid in the

insistence that

salvation must come

through me": my party

my army, my

legitimacy. The

federal road''s

fatal flaw, to him, was

that it had no need

for a Sun perched

high above. So he

chose the cannon, not

persuasion. That

shot scattered not

only a presidential

palace, but a gentler

less bloody road for

China

Those fifty days on

the Yongfeng were

the lowest point of

Sun''s life. Yet the

defeated Sun was

about to meet an

outside force" that

would turn his

fortunes — not Japan

but Russia. This shot

knocked him from

power; the next turn

delivered him to

another door

January 26, 1923

Shanghai. Sun and a

Soviet named Joffe

signed a

declaration. That

year he had just

escaped the

Yongfeng, returned

to Canton to set up

the Grand Marshal''s

Headquarters, yet

still held few guns

The Russians, eyeing

his banner of

anti-imperialism

anti-warlord

extended a hand

money, guns, advisers

all offered. Sun took

it

Dr. Sun Yat-sen

holds that the

Communist

organization, and

even the Soviet

system, cannot in

fact be applied to

China, because China

does not possess the

conditions under

which such

communism or Soviet

system could

succeed. On this view

Mr. Joffe is in

complete agreement

and holds that the

most important and

pressing problem of

China is the

successful

unification of the

Republic and the

attainment of

complete national

independence. The

Russian government

is prepared and

willing, on the basis

of Russia''s

renunciation of all

treaties and forced

rights inherited

from the tsarist

regime toward China

to open a fresh

Sino-Russian

negotiation. The

present Russian

government has

never had, and never

has had, any

intention of

pursuing an

imperialist policy

in Outer Mongolia, or

of causing it to

secede from China

January 26, 1923

Shanghai

Beyond money and

guns, Russia sent a

man named Borodin

His title was "Sun''s

political adviser

Yet he did far more

than "advise": the

Kuomintang''s

organizational

charter, propaganda

system, and

commissar system

were largely built

by him on the Soviet

template. To speak

plainly — the later

tight

bone-structure of

that party was

fitted by a

foreigner. A party

that cried

independence and

autonomy had a

foreign adviser as

its architect

Some ask: early you

sought Japan, now you

seek Russia — did the

object change, or

that "borrow from

outside" heart? Sun''s

own answer was

roughly: whoever

helps me unify, I go to

them. Yet the

question is

precisely this

when a party''s money

guns, and charter all

come from outside, is

that party still

China''s party, or

whose pawn? We hang

this question here

next act, we see what

it grew into

Borodin reached

Canton in

October 1923. From

that month, Canton''s

streets suddenly

sprouted slogans

and the party''s

newspapers grew

busy — a party rearmed

with printing

presses and

organizational

technique was a

different beast

from the one with a

few broken guns. This

time Sun borrowed

not merely money, but

a whole method of "how

to organize people

January 20 to 30, 1924

at 215 Wenming Road

Canton — the former

hall of the

Kwangtung Higher

Normal School

the Kuomintang held

its First National

Congress. These

twenty days remade

the party. The

congress fixed

three phrases: "ally

with Russia, admit

the Communists

assist workers and

peasants. " Sun

reinterpreted his

Three Principles

of the nation, of the

people''s rights, of

the people''s

livelihood — and

stuffed the Soviet

method inside

The most fatal

stroke of this

reorganization was

not the slogan but

the system. From here

the party ceased to

be loose factions; it

gained commissars

political work, and

the rule of "the party

commands the gun." Put

plainly: before this

the country had at

least tried to order

its affairs by

charter, by assembly

by election — that

nascent road

yielded, from this

moment, to "the party

governs all." A party

supplanted the law; a

written charter

lost to a party

statute. Where this

step grew, those who

lived through it

understood

Speaking of guns

That same year, May 3

Sun appointed

Chiang Kai-shek

superintendent of

the Whampoa

Military Academy; it

opened June 16. On

Changzhou Island

the first cadets

about five hundred

reported for duty

and were issued

straw-bound fake

rifles; the real

rifles had not yet

arrived. Only when

the Soviet ship

docked, unloading

several thousand

rifles and dozens of

advisers, did the

cadets first touch

live ammunition. One

detail tells the

whole origin of this

army: first the party

first the outside

funding, then the gun

The saying "power

grows from the

barrel of a gun" must

here be read

backwards — it was the

outside gun that

first fed this army

Linking the first

three acts, Sun''s

method of "borrow

outside, build party

raise army" had a

clear reckoning

with no money or gun

of his own, borrow

from foreigners

with the borrowed

money and guns, form

an army loyal to "the

party"; then use that

army to realize his

ideal of

unification

through me." The ideal

was real, and so was

the calculation

This method took him

in one year, from the

defeated man on the

Yongfeng to one

possessed of party

academy, roubles, and

rifles. Yet it also

planted something

when the gun was no

longer fully in his

own hands, to whom did

that party, that army

truly belong? We

leave that to a later

episode to bear

fruit

Looking back at Act

Two''s federal road

Chen wanted

provincial

charters, peaceful

self-rule, slowly

growing a modern

state — that too was a

charter" road, only

without a strong Sun

at the center. To

unify through me," Sun

cut it down with

cannon; turning, he

used "party governs

all" to replace the

parliamentary road

as well. Two gentler

roads for China were

both severed by his

self-interest. " This

is the account this

episode asks you to

see clearly

September 1924, Sun

set up the Northern

Expedition

headquarters at

Shaoguan

personally

directing. This time

he finally had

Whampoa''s fresh

army at his back. But

the North moved

faster: as told last

episode, Feng

Yuxiang''s guns had

forced Cao Kun down

and Puyi out of the

palace. The new men

Duan Qirui and Zhang

Zuolin, both sent

word to Sun: come

north, let us consult

on the nation''s

affairs

The purpose of this

war is not only to

overthrow the

warlords, but

especially to

overthrow the

imperialism on

which the warlords

depend for survival

It especially

represents the

nation abroad

demanding a fresh

review of all

unequal treaties

the abolition of all

privileges thereby

fixed, and the

conclusion of new

treaties of mutual

equality and

respect for

sovereignty. The

purpose of the

National

Revolution is to

build an

independent nation

to uphold the

interests of the

nation and its

people

September 18

thirteenth year of

the Republic

On November 13, Sun

left Canton, heading

north. By then his

liver disease was

already grave. He did

not know that this

departure would be

his last return to

Kwangtung. On

December 31 he

reached Peking; four

months later

March 12, 1925, he

died there. A man who

cried "save the

nation" half his life

exhaled his last

breath in the city he

had striven so long

to unify

On this northern

journey he took an

unfinished

unification" dream

he left a party just

assembled yet

already

party-governs-all

and an army fed by

outside force. Where

that army''s later

wars reached, you

mostly know in

outline — but that is

another story. This

episode stops at the

year 1924, the room in

Canton, and the ship

just delivering

real guns

Do the things left

from that year still

exist? Go to

Changzhou Island

Whampoa''s old site

remains; go to

215 Wenming Road

the congress hall

remains; go to

Zhiti Road, the

Grand Marshal''s

porch remains. Stand

at these three

places and you can

piece together the

shape of 1924 in your

mind: a party set out

anew from here; an

army set out anew

from here; a system of

party governs all

set out anew from

here

This episode laid

out some hard

materials: the 1914

letter

surrendering

tariffs and legal

rights; the two

characters

Northern

Expedition" pasted

on the Yongfeng

in 1922; the 1923

declaration that

wanted neither the

Soviet system nor

Russia''s money and

guns"; the 1924 party

statute replacing

the old charter, and

the cadets with

straw then real

rifles. The

materials are here

we paint none red, we

whitewash none for

you

An old man borrowed

all his life, the

money, guns, and

charters of

outsiders, to

fulfill his own

presidential dream

He pledged away

territory, yet he

truly wished to

remake this nation

Yet consider: when a

party''s and an

army''s money and

guns all come from

beyond the border, is

that party still the

Chinese people''s

own party? In whose

hands that army

later rested, whom it

fired upon, what it

changed — that is a

question left for

you to answer

Patriot, or traitor

You be the judge

▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：Patriot or Traitor? Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou — who bankrolled his presidency? | Shenzhou Dadi Episode 25