北京有一條叫做東交民巷的街。它從崇文門的內部往東延伸，向西到達道路。
《神州大地》系列 總第 19 集：「他扼殺了中國的皇帝，死於 34 歲」是本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
北京有一條叫東交民巷的街巷。
它從崇文門的內部東邊開始，西邊到天安門廣場東邊的道路旁邊，
距離有約 1500 米，
是北京最長的一條街巷。
一九零一年九月有一個條約
規定這塊地方是留給外國使館
的，外國使館要負責防衛，
而中國人不准在裡面居住。
一條中國城市的街道
中國人卻不能在這裡住。這個條約
是從哪裡來的？
夏天的氣候從頭開始。
光緒二十五年（1899年），直隸總督袁泌上奏狀說：
今年夏秋兩季雨量稀少，直隸、山西、山東、河南這些旱災地區非常廣闊。
那年秋天的報告寫道:
"蟲子把田裡的作物吃得一乾二淨，
糧食的價格也因此而高。 "
黃河以北的河南，
跨越三個州，報告寫道:
"一千里內沒有鳥叫聲。"
那場旱災持續到隔年。
1900年直隸總督李鴻章
報告十五個受影響的縣市。
而在此之前，這個地區已經
在干旱之前,長期與另一場戰爭作鬥。 外國Missionary與中國基督徒
數十年來因產權歸還、徵稅、訴訟等問題,紛爭接踵而至。 一九零零年一月，山東省巡撫袁世凱將奏摺送交宗理衙門，奏摺中有一項數據： 一九八九年八月至一九零零年一月間，山東省濟南府、東昌府、泰安府以及臨清府所轄的十七縣市內，發生過一百四十六宗與傳教士和信徒相關的事件。
五個月。十七個縣市。
一百四十六人。
法院也沒有平靜。
1898年之後，慈禧太后再次從幕後掌權，光緒帝失去了真正的權力。
1900年1月24日，朝廷頒發詔書
，以皇帝的名義，命鳧郡王端済之子
溥鈞為皇嗣。詔書下達後，外國使節
拒絕祝賀，案件暫時擱置。
同年，一個叫盒子兵的組織從山東和直隸
省傳播開去。這個名稱並非新鮮。
「 Yihe Quan 」這三個字早在 1779 年
就已出現於直隸省總督周元禮的奏摺中。
1898 年 10 月 26 日，山東省官亭縣（今高青縣）李元村的江家莊，趙三多、嚴舒勤等人聚集起來攻擊當地的教堂。 趙三多屬於梅花拳的學校，
並改名為 "一鶴拳"。1900年六月，
大量的 BOXER 進入北京。
他們進入內城的時間是六月13日。 那天在該城市的十一座教堂被燒毀，包括在小順胡同的亞洲石油堂，巴米安坨的天主教東教堂，和邓氏口的浸信會教堂。 同一天，
三千二百名天主教徒在西城的北座堂避難，
超過兩千名基督徒則在東交民巷的公使館區避難。
六月十一日，日本公使館的秘書杉山平一被
東福祥的甘肅軍隊在永定門殺死。
六月十四日，德國外交部長馮·凱特勒
下令德軍開火，擊斃約二十名義和團軍。
六月十九日，總理衙門通知各國公使
必須在二十四小時內離開北京。次日
馮·凱特勒乘轎子前往總理衙門
求緩一天的時間。
1900年6月20日清晨，
德國駐中國公使馮·凱特勒
從東交民巷出發，坐轎車前往
總理衙門。前一天，總理衙門
已經通知各國公使離開北京，
最遲限於二十四小時內離境。馮
凱特勒打算要求延期。 西直門外的西 宗布胡同，於東單牌坊北街，清兵開火。馮·凱特勒當場遇害。當時的記述留下了殺死馮·凱特勒的人的名字：恩海，是申吉營的步兵營中軍士。當年12月31日，他被帶到馮·凱特勒遇害的地方，當場槍決。
那天下午，東交民巷被圍了起來。
圍城持續了五十五天。
裡面有各國使館的衛兵，超過四百名男子；
473名外國公民，149名婦女和79名兒童；
還有超過2800名中國基督徒。 為什麼他們跑回來了：
從六月十三日起，教堂被燒毀的消息和基督徒被殺害的消息
接二連三地傳來。那些守衛的數字有不同的說法，
取決於誰在計算。根據不同的數據，
來到北京的兩波守衛加起來總共有432人； 四百零九是
圍攻開始時，實際駐守公使館區的兵力；
八百八十二是四百零九名士兵加上四百七十三名外籍平民；
三個數字。三個根據點。
六月二十三日，翰林院——與英國使館共用牆壁——遭遇火災。
當時在使館內的英國人B. L. Putnam Weale，在《北京的不該說的話》中記述當時的情況:
"昨天有人像貓一樣偷偷地來，點火。 丟了個火把進漢林,
過了一個鐘頭，英國使館,
所有大臣住的地方，
處於絕望的危險中。" 漢林正好對著英國使館。火並沒有燒壞使館的石牆。
燒的是漢林，和它院子裡的書。
其中有一些書籍是嘉靖本的永樂大典
—— 這本書在雍正時期被遷移到漢林的景宜閣內
—— 和四庫全書的原版。
那本書的冊數一直在下降
乾隆時期進行清查後，共有九千餘冊。
1875年第二次檢查時，找到不到五千部；1894年，翁同和進行了一次統計，結果只有八百部了。
這場大火損失了多少本書，記載不一致：有人說至少有六百五十冊，有人說約有三百冊。火後，英國使館歸還了約三百三十冊。
圍城內的生活是一個停火
又一個停火，接着就是再次開火。
六月二十五日清軍停止攻擊。
他們在北橋舉起白旗掛上一塊木牌上寫著：
皇上敕令保護使館；
立即停止攻擊。
當那一天午夜時分
砲火又再開，英國駐京的外交官
克勞德·麥克唐納在他的報告中稱
為整場圍城中最激烈的一次砲擊。
七月十七日，雙方達成停火協議
然而西城還有另一條線索
北大寺自六月十五日下午被包圍
一直到八月十六日才被攻陷。
The day after the siege began,
21 June, the court issued an edict.
Later generations usually call it the "declaration
of war edict". The edict names no
country. Throughout, it calls the other side
only "them". What is later described as
"a declaration of war on eleven countries"
those eleven are the signatories of the
Boxer Protocol the following year: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Britain, Italy,
the United States, Japan, the Netherlands and
Russia. Whether this edict amounts to a
formal declaration of war, historians hold two
positions. Both are set out here.
One position holds that it is not
a formal declaration. In 2006 the first issue
of Shixue Yuekan, published by Henan University,
carried Guo Tianxiang''s article " A query on
the ''declaration of war'' by the Qing
government in 1900". He puts four points:
the edict names no clear opponent;
no Chinese or foreign newspaper reported a
declaration; the envoys abroad and the foreign
side knew nothing of it; and the
Qing government neither broke off relations with
the powers nor recalled its envoys.
Hu Sheng, in From the Opium War
to the May Fourth Movement, also writes
that this edict was not delivered to
any foreign government in any form.
The other position holds that it is
a declaration of war.
The Qing History edited by Nan Bingwen,
the General History of China: Early Modern
edited by Bai Shouyi, Lin Huaguo''s A
Study of Boxer Affairs, and the Cambridge
History of China: Late Ch''ing edited by
John King Fairbank all treat it as
one. Both positions stand.
Take the attacking side first.
The nominal commander was the Grand Councillor
Ronglu. The main force actually attacking was
Dong Fuxiang''s Gansu troops, pressing in from
the north and the west.
They had artillery. Li Yuerui, a man
of the time, recorded one incident in
Chunbing Shi Yecheng —The court pressed for the
attack; the Wuwei Army''s field-gun battery entered
the city. The Tianjin brigade general Zhang
Huaizhi got the guns onto the wall
and then held fire.
He came down from the wall to
see Ronglu and asked for a written
order. Ronglu said: " Either way, the sound
of the guns will be heard inside. "
Zhang Huaizhi understood. He went back up
and changed his tune, saying the ranging
was off and the guns must be
re-laid; he moved the battery and fired
for a day and a night at
open ground outside the legations.
The legations were not damaged.
During the siege the two sides were
still in touch. On 25 June the Qing
troops stopped firing and sent watermelons and
vegetables to the legations; from mid-July they
also sent vegetables, white rice, watermelons and
wine.
Now the defending side.
More than four hundred guards from the
various powers held several positions: the British
legation at the core; the United States
and Germany on the city wall;
France, Italy and Japan in the north-west.
They were short of weapons.
The heaviest gun the defenders had was
one they had captured from the attacking
side. Over the fifty-five days of the
siege, the guards lost fifty-five killed and
about one hundred and thirty-five wounded.
On the other line, the North Cathedral
was held by some forty French and
Italian soldiers, together with about three thousand
Chinese Christians. The attacking force numbered in
the thousands. Mines were blown four times:
11 July, 18 July, 12 August and 13 August.
On 18 July, the western part of the
Sisters'' House at the cathedral''s north end
collapsed in a mass.
The defenders'' casualties were mostly not caused
by bullets. The researcher Dai Haibin counted:
during the siege of the North Cathedral
more than four hundred died, one hundred
and twenty of them children; far more
died of disease and hunger than of
gunfire, and the great majority of them
were Chinese. He also points to something
else: the cathedral held to the end
not entirely because it was "well defended"
most of the shells flew too high,
and the Qing troops never attempted an
assault at close quarters.
That summer, both sides inside Beijing left
records. On 13 June, eleven churches in the
inner city caught fire on the same
day. The commander of the gendarmerie,
Chongli, wrote in his report: "churches within
both wings of my jurisdiction suddenly caught
fire at the you hour on the
seventeenth, starting inside Chongwenmen in Xiaoshun Hutong.
churches in various places caught fire one
after another. " The next day, the Catholic
South Cathedral inside Xuanwumen was burned.
In the diary of Bishop Favier:
"on 14 June, at half past eleven,
the South Cathedral too caught fire;
the hospital, the schools and the foundling
home were all affected. "
On 16 June a foreign-goods shop on Qianmen Street
caught fire and the fire spread.
The count afterwards: the Zhengyangmen gate tower
burned down; about a thousand shops and
twenty-four silver-melting works were burned.
The resident Zhongfang Shi recorded that day
in Gengzi Jishi. The number of Christian
dead varies widely between accounts.
The church historian Gu Changsheng''s figures are
about eighteen thousand Catholic converts and about
five thousand Protestant converts.
Another set of church statistics gives thirty
thousand Chinese Catholics. The China Inland Mission
monthly of the time reprinted a London
Times survey saying that in north China
"between fifteen and twenty thousand believers were
killed".
In less than a month, it was
the other side''s turn.
On 14 August the allied troops broke into
Beijing. What followed was written down in
the commander''s own report.
Waldersee wrote to the German emperor:
"the details of all the damage and
looting China suffered this time can never
be ascertained, but they must unquestionably be
very great. and the rapes of women,
the acts of cruelty, the killing at
will and the burning without cause that
occurred during the looting were very numerous. "
Zhongfang Shi wrote in his diary on
the twenty-third day of the seventh month:
"the foreign soldiers of the various countries,
after forming up on the twenty-first,
looted and plundered everywhere, all under the
name of seizing Boxers and searching for
arms. kicking in doors from house to
house. every coin, watch and valuable was
carried off, and this was called ''disturbing
the city''. Anyone who stood in the
way was killed. " Bertram Lenox Simpson,
then inside the legation quarter, recorded in
Indiscreet Letters from Peking that French troops
machine-gunned a crowd of Chinese driven into
a dead-end lane, "firing for about ten
or fifteen minutes, until not one was
left". On property: Japanese troops took about
three million taels of silver from the
Board of Revenue; Russian troops occupied the
Summer Palace on 19 August and withdrew on
2 October.
How many people died in this conflict
altogether — there is no agreed figure.
Encyclopædia Britannica puts it this way:
"perhaps 100,000 or more people died in
the conflict, although estimates of casualties vary
widely. "
Negotiations began at the end of 1900.
On 7 September 1901, Yikuang and Li Hongzhang signed
the Boxer Protocol on behalf of the
Qing government. On the signing side were
eleven countries: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain,
France, Britain, Italy, the United States,
Japan, the Netherlands and Russia.
The treaty has twelve articles and nineteen
annexes. Four main provisions
Indemnity: 450 million taels of customs silver,
at four per cent a year,
repaid over thirty-nine years from 1902, principal and
interest together more than 982,230,000 taels,
secured on the customs and salt revenues.
The legation quarter: the Dongjiaomin Xiang area
of Beijing was set aside for the
exclusive use of the foreign legations,
to be defended by each power itself,
and Chinese people were not permitted to
live inside it. Forts and troops:
the Dagu forts and all forts between
Beijing and the sea were to be
razed; foreign powers could station troops along
the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan;
no Chinese troops within twenty li of
Tianjin; and for at least two years
China was forbidden to import arms and
the materials for making them.
Prohibition of hostility to foreigners: Chinese people
were permanently forbidden to form or join
any organisation hostile to the foreign powers;
officials who had supported the Boxers were
to be punished; and in towns where
incidents involving foreigners had occurred, the civil
and military examinations were suspended for five
years. The indemnity figure, 450 million taels,
was close to China''s population at the
time. Later on people said this was
"one tael per person".
Those four characters are not in the
treaty. Article 6 reads: "the indemnity to
be paid to the powers shall be
450 million taels of customs silver.
at four per cent a year,
the principal to be repaid by China
over thirty-nine years in instalments according to
the schedule annexed. " " One tael per person"
is a later interpretation of the relationship
between that sum and the population figure.
This street is still there today.
Dongjiaomin Xiang runs east from the inside
of Chongwenmen and west to the road along the east side of Tiananmen Square,
a little over fifteen hundred metres in
all. On 25 June 2001 the State Council listed
it as a fifth-batch Major Historical and
Cultural Site Protected at the National Level,
under the name "the Dongjiaomin Xiang legation
buildings", thirteen buildings in all.
Those buildings each have their own use
today: the former Yokohama Specie Bank is
the China Court Museum, the former National City
Bank is the Beijing Police Museum,
the former Japanese legation is the Beijing
Municipal People''s Government, and the former Russian
legation is the Supreme People''s Court.
Some names are gone.
The Grand Hôtel des Wagons-Lits, the Hongkong
and Shanghai Bank, Jardine Matheson, the German
legation — all demolished.
The North Cathedral is still there too,
in the same place, and still in
use. It did not begin there.
In the thirty-second year of Kangxi the
emperor fell ill with malaria; the French
Jesuit Jean-François Gerbillon brought cinchona bark,
and the emperor recovered.
The emperor granted him a plot of
land at Candi Kou, west of the
Central Lake, and a church was built
there. In the twelfth year of Guangxu,
when the three lakes of the Western
Garden were being repaired, the court took
that land back and allotted a new
site at Xishiku, and the new church
was completed in the fourteenth year of
Guangxu. The cathedral standing now is the
one rebuilt then. There is also a
stone arch in Zhongshan Park.
In 1901 the Qing government began a memorial
at the spot where von Ketteler was
killed, and it was completed in 1903
white marble, blue glazed tile roof,
four pillars, three bays, seven roof ridges.
In 1918, when the First World War ended,
China was on the winning side.
On 13 November President Xu Shichang ordered the
memorial demolished. The stone was taken down,
moved to the Central Park and reassembled,
the original wording cut away, and four
new characters carved: " Right prevails".
In 1952, when the Asian and Pacific Peace
Conference was held in Beijing, the arch
was renamed "the Peace Defence Arch",
the four characters written by Guo Moruo.
It is still in Zhongshan Park today,
inside the south gate.
Part of that indemnity came back later.
On 25 May 1908 the United States Congress passed
a resolution authorising the return of the
portion it judged to exceed actual losses;
President Roosevelt signed it on 28 December that
year. The return began on 1 January 1909.
In June 1909 the Bureau for Students to
America was set up; in August the
Qinghua Garden was handed to it as
a preparatory school for study in the
United States; in October the first group
of forty-seven students sailed.
In August 1910 a second group of seventy
left. In February 1911 the school moved into
the Qinghua Garden and was renamed " Qinghua
College"; on 29 April it formally opened.
Back to that street from the beginning.
After 1901, Dongjiaomin Xiang became a place where
Chinese people could not live.
The stone buildings on that street stayed
standing, and went through several rounds of
other uses. On 6 January 1950 the Beijing Military
Control Commission issued a proclamation taking back
the properties of the foreign barracks in
Beijing and requisitioning the barracks and other
buildings. That month the American, French and
Dutch barracks were handed over one after
another; in April the British barracks were
handed over as well.
From 1959 the foreign legations moved out to
the area beyond Jianguomen one by one.
The history of Dongjiaomin Xiang as a
legation quarter ended there.
Today it is the longest lane in
Beijing, with a main road at each
end.
The complete transcript, bibliography and further reading
for this film are at sylogs.com.
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