有著數個井蓋在故宮內。明清時期的記錄中，宮苑內的井水是宮廷供應的重要來源之一。
《神州大地》系列 總第 5 集：「一座宮殿裡滿滿的井水 — 每一杯水都是從外面運進來的 | 神州 05 (短片)」是本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
紫禁城內有井水。
明清史料記載宮廷井水的名稱，一一記下：有的被注明「甜可飲」；
另外則被視為「乾涸的井泉」。
城池並不缺乏水源
——城牆外面有一個
濠渠。然而，宮廷廚房每天使用的水卻是從外城運來的
為什麼?
從井溝開始吧。
明代的劉若愚寫了一本叫做《灌溉中事》的書
記錄了宮廷的運作
記錄了宮廷的運作
提到幾口井：一口位於
小石橋東邊，「口甜可飲」；一口是在萬曆年間開挖的，「極甜。 」
井也分工不同。
故宮博物院研究館員周倩，曾經形容井為宮內的
「主要的自來水來源， 」既供人飲水，又供滅火。
關於消防，劉若愚在同一書中補充了一條線索：內金水河用於火灌，
因為「如果只靠井水灌，能救多少?」
掃掃、灌灌、洗洗在宮中都取水於此。
一個深井獨立在眾井之外：
是大厨房井，位於修心殿內。
順治八年 — 1651 年 — 立下規矩：
每年冬月十月，
在大厨房井前祭祀井神。
故宮博物院自己的網站描述這個井的水為「清澈、甘甜、冰涼。」
誰在照料這些井? 可以確認的是修繕，非每年清淤。
位於嘉德樓右邊西門的八角井，曾經在1626年清掃過一次。 之後味道還是沒有改變，卓中志簡單地寫道：“一個真正被毀壞了的井。”
每年都有一個固定程序：三月的第四天，宮廷的水道會被清理，銅桶會被打掃並重新灌入剛剛抽取的清水。
那每個水井都每年會被挖掘
因為我們無法在明代的記錄中
找到一個明確的規則。
所以宮中水井並非全都
不能使用。有些可以飲用;
有些已經被填塞。至於這一點
記錄互有不同說法。
為何要到城外去找水呢？
由於當時的人寫下了城市的水源狀況。
明朝時的徐崇，紐書於《暖書有別》中說道： 「京城的井水大多鹹澀苦涼，無法飲用。」
李時珍在《本草綱目》中指出原因：城內井水靠近溝渠、下水道，垃圾渗入水中，水變鹼性。清代，燕京雜記的一位匿名作者寫道：
“京城的水口感最差。”
王允，寫於元代前期的文章中:
" 人煙稠密的地方，水多是鹹水；井泉甘甜的，只有百分之幾個。 "
這些記載形容的是整個北京城，而非紫禁城內的井泉。 現代人對鹹味的解釋來自地下水化學
那是現代科學研究的結果，而不是古代記錄
的描述。
圍牆外的水線不是清朝的發明
。
至正二十八年,
元朝時，郭守敬提出將長城內的白浮泉改道：水流由西北向西南，從西水關進入京城。《元史》在其水運章節中記錄了這條水路。
元朝還挖了個金水河，
把玉泉山的水引進皇城
直通宮殿。當時有一規定：
不可在金水河中洗手。 一份1322年的詔令中提到：
「在開國皇帝的時期，」洗手於金水河被禁止
」——當時的人們已經在那裡灌水給馬了。
後來白浮線斷裂了。
明朝修建了昌平的皇家陵墓
后，宮廷討論再次疏浚它
，最後得出結論是「水流西方逆流而上，
流過祖先的陵墓，這很可能是不合適的，」
於是沒有修復。
1471年，一個派遣團前往再次察看
，同樣得出結論。
百夫長停下後，玉泉山的水就成為首都的主要來源了
清朝皇室也從那裡取用飲水
玉泉山的水為何名聲遠播呢？乾隆十六年（1751年），皇帝寫了一篇文章：《天下第一泉記》玉泉山
同年的一道詔書上寫著
"喝過名泉後，我認為這是天下第一"。他不是在評論口感
而是在評論重量
方法在文章中是這樣寫的
"用銀尺比較"
用同一銀尺裝滿不同水的瓶子
拿來比較，重量最輕的排名第一
玉泉山的水：一斗
济南的珍珠泉：一两二两四两
长江金山泉：一两三两
回泉和虎跑泉：各一两四两
清涼山、白沙、虎丘和西山的青雲寺
的清水各一兩一分。該文還添加了一行:
雪水比玉泉的輕三兩，但
"無法一年四季享用。 "
這是乾隆自己所列的清水名單。 判斷今天的水質，
我們使用化學分析，而不是重量測試。
水是如何進入宮殿的？
是通過陸路。水車載著從玉泉山采集的水，
經過西直門進入宮殿，
然後通過神威門進入宮殿。
一份記錄指出，溥儀退位後，
仍有運送玉泉水的轎車
每天傍晚都會通過神威門
。西直門有個外號叫水關
名字不是由於水道引流
而是由於所有運送水的轎車
都會使用那個門口。 在古老的城門,拱門上刻著一塊白色大理石的浮雕,浮雕刻著波浪的形狀，稱為「西直門水紋」。今天它已經不見了。改道的路線是：金水河進入宮苑時從神威門西側的水閘進入,離開時從東榮門南側的水閘流出。
那是2016年時，故宮博物院院長尚時祥的公開聲明
一輛轎車，一個水閘
兩條完全不同的路線
誰負責?清朝時是由內廷行宮署
負責的辦公室是內官廳也稱張官房
康熙二十二年
在此設置了車站倉庫,
由四位官員管理。
有多少人呢？這裡有兩個不同的說法。一個說法是，掌管衙門的張官衙門有四千九百五十名屬官，但那只是衙門全體人員，不是水夫們。
The other says water carrying fell to
the Imperial Kitchen, with one hundred and
three men on the duty.
Both accounts are cited.
For the number of men whose sole
duty was carrying water, we found no
primary record. How much water came in
each day, or each year — likewise not
found.
There is one more thing we could
not find. In the Qing there was
a work called the Palace History.
Two of its chapters record daily expenses,
allowances and offerings in the palace.
Milk, tea, vessels, ice chests — each listed
item by item. Water is not there.
Another work, the Collected Regulations of the
Palace, sets out the daily allowances from
empress dowager down to the lowest-ranked consorts.
It has no entry for water either.
On the Palace Museum''s own website,
the emperor''s daily allowance is said to
include "twelve jars of Jade Spring water. "
That figure carries no archival citation.
Another set of numbers circulating online
fifty jars for the emperor, twenty-five for
the empress dowager, twenty for the empress,
two for a maid — we could not
trace, and it does not match the
twelve. How the water was divided up
after it reached the palace, we found
no primary record for either.
Water had another form in the palace:
ice. Ice was cut in more than
one place. The archives and the Collected
Statutes of the Great Qing record the
waters used: the Tongzi River around the
Forbidden City, the Jingshui or Imperial River,
and the Lotus Pond at Longwangtang.
In the early Qing, ice was cut
as far away as the Tongzhou channel;
after 1754 Tongzhou was dropped and more ice
was cut on the Imperial River each
year. The ice was stored in icehouses
outside the Longzong Gate.
The Collected Statutes record: "within the Forbidden
City, five icehouses, storing twenty-five thousand blocks"
each block a foot and a half
square. Four icehouses still stand in the
palace today. Ice was not only for
the palace. In the ninth year of
Shunzhi a rule was set: every year
from midsummer until the start of autumn,
the princes, the ministers and the censors
all received ice.
Ice was collected on a ticket.
The Board of Works issued ice tickets,
and the holder came to collect.
Not only people inside the palace either.
Outside the ten city gates, and at
the four memorial arches east and west,
fourteen official summer-broth stations were set up
for soldiers and civilians.
The system was interrupted in the middle:
suspended in 1674, restored in the Qianlong reign.
So "the Qing issued ice throughout" is
not accurate. It stopped once.
That spring, the one Qianlong weighed at
one liang — what of it today?
The springs of Jade Spring Mountain stopped
flowing completely in 1975. Beijing''s plan for treating
groundwater overdraft, covering 2023 to 2025, still lists "accelerating
ecological restoration of the Jade Spring Mountain
and Baifu Spring areas" as a task
that is, as of that plan,
it has not recovered.
The water Beijing drinks has changed source.
Guanting Reservoir began supplying water in 1954,
and stopped supplying Beijing''s domestic water in 1977
as quality declined. Miyun Reservoir was completed
in 1960; from 1982 it stopped supplying Hebei and
Tianjin and went to Beijing alone.
In December 2014, the middle route of the
South-to-North Water Diversion began delivering water to
the city. The " Finest Spring Under Heaven"
stele still stands beside the spring at
the southern foot of Jade Spring Mountain.
Jade Spring Mountain is used today by
a state institution and is not open
to the public.
What became of the stored ice?
Of the four icehouses still standing in
the palace, three have become restaurants and
one a storeroom. The area is a
visitor service zone now.
When did the water carts stop?
The Beijing water company was approved in 1908
and began supplying in 1910; its stated range
ran "inward as far as the Forbidden
City. " Whether it ever actually supplied the
palace has two accounts.
One says it did.
The other, from the recollection of an
old employee of the works, says the
pipe into the palace served firefighting only:
it entered from the East Glorious Gate,
ran about three hundred metres, and ended
at the Wenchang Pavilion — and the palace
still drank water delivered by cart.
The exact year the carts stopped,
we could not find.
The latest marker is 5 November 1924, when Puyi
left the palace. Jade Spring''s water was
still there then: a survey in 1928 still
recorded eight springs. What stopped was the
system, not the source.
Back to the question at the start.
There are wells in the palace.
Some of their water could be drunk,
some could not; the wells were sacrificed
to, and repaired. That the city''s water
was unpleasant is written down by the
people of the time.
Qianlong used a silver measure to place
Jade Spring''s water first on a list
he drew up himself.
So every day water carts came into
the city: from Jade Spring Mountain,
in through Xizhimen, in through the Gate
of Divine Might. Who managed it,
how many men, how much came in
each day — the offices can be traced;
the figures mostly cannot.
Once the water reached the palace,
part of it became ice, stored outside
the Longzong Gate and handed out on
tickets in summer. This way of moving
water ran from the Yuan, when Jade
Spring was diverted into the capital,
all the way to 1924.
And the water of Jade Spring Mountain
where did that come from?
Shenzhou: China''s Living Heritage.
The transcript and bibliography are at sylogs.com.
▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：A palace full of wells — and every cup of water carted in from outside | Shenzhou 05 (Short clip)