開始於北京，1894年11月。十一月七日是十月十日的第十天。
「1894年北京舉辦六十歲生日慶祝活動。幾個月之後，北洋艦隊已經消失了。」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下為本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
從北京開始，
1894年11月。11月第七日
十月十日，
光緒二十年
太后慈禧六十高齡。
法庭已經準備了兩年了。
計畫是在夏宮接到祝賀,
擺上飾品的遮擋、經文台和戲台
從宮殿一直到園林。
全程都會設置
裝飾的遮擋、經文台和戲台
從宮殿一直到園林。 根據慈安太后六十歲壽辰慶典文獻記載，僅兩項收入 —— 領取財政部收入和在京外地籌集捐助 —— 可以核實的銀元總計超過298萬兩，來自巡撫、總督、提督和皇子等官員。
在同一個月份，前線的城市接連陷落。
這兩件事情發生在同一年、同一個月份內，還是在一個城市內的決策層面。
那一年還有一件事情：北洋艦隊已經消失了。
火災的來源是朝鮮。
1894年5月4日，
在朝鮮南部爆發農民戰爭，
以東學運動的名義而起。
朝鮮王室無法平息
便向清朝求援，請求清朝派兵。
6月2日，日本內閣決議
派軍前往朝鮮。6月7日，
雙方互換了照會。 清廷表示是朝鮮請求的，戰事結束後即撤兵，
日本則表示是為了保護使館和國民而駐守，
清軍和日本軍在接下來的一個月內都抵達朝鮮，
清軍在安山扎營，日本軍進入首爾。
七月二十三日，日本軍隊佔領朝鮮皇宮。七月二十五日，在甑島附近的海域，日本聯合艦隊擊沉了清廷租用的英籍運輸船高勝號，該船載有超過七百名乘客。八月一日，清廷在壓力下宣布開戰； 同一天，明治天皇發佈了
日本的宣言。只有這樣，正式地，戰爭才開始了。
從北京看，這場戰爭最容易錯過的事情是，戰爭尚未宣布，海上的事情早已開始了。高升號是一艘英國旗帜的商船，由清廷包租運送部隊。
沉没的原因是
日本聯合艦隊的戰艦。
那艘船沉了下去。
在船上的人數和死亡人數，各個版本都有所不同。
這部電影沒有給出一個單一的死亡人數。
那一天仍有七天
距離宣戰的聲明。
一旦宣戰聲明發出，雙方軍隊各自佈署了戰位。
平壤，朝鮮的北方,
是清軍集結的地方。
日軍沿著四條路線進攻。
在這條朝鮮線上，有一個人，1912年，他將在另一個事件的中心。
他的名字叫袁世凱。
他出生於1859年，河南祥符。 他在1876年和1879年兩度考場不中，加入了吳長慶的淮軍。在1882年八月，伊敏起義在朝鮮爆發，清軍進入首爾，他在那次行動中立下大功。1884年，朝鮮改革派與日本人合作，發動甲申政變，佔據了皇宮。 他領軍出征。1885年，李鴻章推薦時任二十六歲的袁世凱，派往朝鮮負責商務及外交事務。袁世凱在朝鮮度過十二年左右的歲月，最後於1894年返回中國。該年就是這場戰爭的年份。
返回後，袁世凱被
派往天津附近的小站，進行軍事培訓。
這部電影將他留在這裡，暫時如此。
現在，當時的艦隊。1885年10月，清朝政府
成立了海軍總署，通常稱為海軍署。署長是
醇親王，奕譞； 其同治的副手是宜光和李鴻章；實際上掌權的卻是李鴻章。
這個職位有一個奇特的特徵：它沒有自己的辦公室。
創立後，它借用了沈家莊的衙門辦公，借用了沈家莊的印章來蓋章。
在沈家莊借用的期間，這個職位的首長是李鴻章，李鴻章在這個職位上，負責朝廷的外交事務。 它直到三年後才獲得自己的官方印章
。新建大樓位於芬子胡同附近的西市口
，但從未完工，甚至在醇親王
逝世時也未完成。該建築的結構
參照了頤和院和神機營。
大多數早期的工作人員都是旗人,
幾乎沒有任何人有航海的背景。當時宮廷和首都的人們在討論時，這個辦公室又被稱為「夏宮辦公室」。有些人稱它為「第七部」，超出了常規的六部。這部電影會後來再回到這個名字。
海軍總署
確實有一項重大成就，那就是北洋艦隊。
1888年，北洋艦隊正式成立，並頒布了《北洋艦隊規則》。
旗艦是定遠號，其姊妹艦是鎮遠號。這兩艘艦艇都是當時最大的鐵甲艦，主炮口徑305毫米。 成立時該艦隊
有若干艘船隻和
四千餘名官兵
根據資料不同，數字有所差異，故本片使用可靠的資料：
1888年成立，
而1894年戰爭爆發時該艦隊
有二十五艘船隻和超過四千名官兵。
有一個關於這支艦隊的名言在流傳中:
"亞洲最強的艦隊"。
這部電影並沒有使用這個名言
它只出現在後期的媒體寫作中
也找不到任何學術依據
那年，這支艦隊是清朝政府投入最大的工程之一
但它的下一艘新船始終沒有抵達
1891年6月1日，戶部提出
《籌軍款條議》。該奏議建議暫停北洋艦隊及南洋艦隊
在兩年內購買外國槍砲、艦船及機器，並將節省的白銀
用於補充軍費。 提出這個方案的人是財政大臣翁同和，
他的理由是八個字：
"國庫虛空，海疆無事。 "
而當時李鴻章正在檢視北洋艦隊。
回到天津時他說：經過反覆考慮後，現金短缺極度，所有大宗購買船艦和武器應該暫停如原案所述
這個暫停從未被解除
三年後，1894年五月，
李鴻章第三次巡視了艦隊，
並在他的報告中寫道：
西方國家的船舶設計
每個月都在改變。甚至小日本，也能
節省經費，建造一艘大型船隻。
自北洋艦隊於一八八八年成立以來,
中國至今仍未增添一艘新船,
我擔心這種情況難以持續下去。 "同年三月，丁汝昌提議將北洋艦隊的主要船隻安裝十八門現代快速射擊炮，耗資六十萬兩。 這筆經費未得到批准。
而在那段時間，日本海軍也在增加艦隻。
1894年時，日本海軍擁有多種艦型的31艘戰艦和24艘魚雷艇。
另一方面的記錄也應該被提及，因為稅務局後來也有自己的回答。 董事會指出：「它從未
建議暫停之前，也沒有阻止購買
之後」，並列出新疆、甘肅、福建、安徽和湖南購買外國
武器的案例，說道：「北部艦隊單獨購買的什麼也沒有
— 這必然意味著該省有船隻和武器足夠，需要從國外引進什麼也沒有。」
研究人員江明也指出：「李鴻章從未解釋
為什麼，在1893年之後，他停止要求購買
船隻。」這兩個記錄的兩側都
被放在這裡一起。現在回到那個辦公室的
另外一個名字。清漪園始建於
1750年，乾隆十五年。 1860年，咸豐十年，遭到英法聯軍焚燒。 1886年，光緒十二年，醇親王奕譞，提議修復"圓明園"，便於海軍演習，並建議在昆明湖創辦海軍學校。 the Empress Dowager
drew on silver in the name of
raising naval funds to rebuild the garden.
Specialists put the cost of the works
at roughly five to six million taels.
The works were directed by Lei Tingchang,
the seventh generation of the Lei family
of imperial architects. In 1888, the fourteenth year
of Guangxu, an imperial edict took the
phrase "nurturing harmony" and renamed the garden
the Summer Palace — Yiheyuan.
In 1891, the seventeenth year of Guangxu,
Cixi took up residence there in earnest.
From then until 1908 she lived in the
garden through spring, summer and autumn each
year, and the major affairs of the
court, policy decisions and receptions of foreign
envoys mostly happened there.
In that garden there is one boat,
and it is unusual.
It is called the Marble Boat.
It was built in 1755, the twentieth year
of Qianlong, and its hull is carved
from a single mass of stone.
In 1860 its Chinese-style cabin was burned.
In 1893, the nineteenth year of Guangxu,
at Cixi''s wish, that cabin was rebuilt
in Western style, fitted with coloured glass,
and renamed the Boat of Clear Seas
Qingyanfang. It is the only building in
the garden in a Western style.
A boat made of stone.
It will never sail.
So how much money was it?
A very popular sentence says: " Cixi diverted
the navy''s funds to build the Summer
Palace. " That sentence can be taken apart
into three layers. First layer: did it
happen? It did. That the Navy Office
also managed the Summer Palace works,
and that the accounts of the two
overlapped, can be seen in the archives.
Second layer: how much?
This is the difficult layer — the surviving
accounts number at least six, and they
differ widely: Some four million taels
later research; Some 7. 5 million taels
Jiang Ming''s calculation from surviving Qing palace
archives; Close to eight million taels
according to surviving archival records;
Some 8.6 million taels — the tally of
Qi Qizhang, who also counts a further
4.36 million taels of naval funds diverted
to the Three Seas works;
Some ten million taels — another estimate of
the total cost of the garden works;
Twenty to thirty million taels, and in
some tellings eighty million — the figure long
in general circulation. This film gives no
single number. All six accounts are placed
here. Third layer: was this the main
cause of the defeat?
Scholars do not agree, and this film
does not judge. One fact belongs here:
linking the garden works to the defeat
at sea is generally traced to Liang
Qichao. The researcher Jiang Ming puts it
directly: the late-Qing reformer Liang Qichao was
the first to connect the palace works
to the failure in the naval war
of 1894, in order to stir hatred
of Cixi. The figure of thirty million
taels also comes from Liang Qichao''s Words
on the Partition of China.
And the fact on the other side
must stand beside it: the 2.6 million
taels that Prince Chun raised from the
provinces in the name of the "navy"
were never drawn on as principal;
the sum was deposited in foreign banks
and lent to the Kaiping Mining Bureau
to earn interest, and the interest was
used to repay the one million taels
that had been shifted out of the
naval funds. Jiang Ming also notes that
this money "was in fact entirely the
tribute of provincial governors to Cixi,
and cannot be counted on the navy''s
account". A popular sentence tends to press
fact, number and cause into one thing.
Take it apart, and you hold one
more measure than the person who says
the sentence.
In this passage the film does one
thing only: it sets two dates side
by side.1 June 1891: the Board of Revenue
asks that the northern and southern fleets
suspend purchases of foreign guns and ships
for two years.4 June 1891: the Summer Palace
is substantially complete, and Cixi begins her
progress through it. Two dates.
Three days apart. One is in a
memorial in Beijing. One is in a
garden in Beijing. Whether those three days
are one matter or two, this film
does not say. The two dates are
real.
On 15 September 1894, Japanese forces attacked Pyongyang along
four routes. The Qing commander Ye Zhichao''s
dispositions were confused; General Zuo Baogui held
the Xuanyuan gate and was killed there,
and the position fell.
That night Ye Zhichao led his troops
in a retreat across the river.
On 17 September, two days after Pyongyang,
the Beiyang Fleet was on its way
home after escorting an army landing.
Crossing the sea off Dadonggou, outside the
mouth of the Yalu, it met the
Japanese Combined Fleet. That day was the
Battle of the Yellow Sea.
How many Beiyang ships fought differs by
account; this film uses a formulation like
"some dozen" and gives no single number.
The number of Japanese ships engaged is
likewise recorded differently. The battle lasted about
five hours. The Beiyang side lost several
ships, and more than a thousand officers
and men were killed or wounded;
every Japanese ship engaged was also damaged.
At about a quarter to six that
afternoon, the Japanese side broke off.
After the battle, the Beiyang Fleet withdrew
into Weihaiwei.
That day a ship went down.
Her name was Zhiyuan, and her captain
was Deng Shichang. Deng Shichang was from
Panyu, Guangdong, born on 17 September 1849, a graduate
of the first class of the Foochow
Dockyard School. The day of the Yellow
Sea battle was his forty-fifth birthday.
Why did Zhiyuan sink?
To this day there are four accounts.
The first is the most widely told:
Deng Shichang drove Zhiyuan at the Japanese
cruiser Yoshino, and she was struck by
a torpedo on the way in and
sank. One result of checking must be
stated here: neither the Chinese nor the
Japanese archival record contains any account of
" Zhiyuan ramming Yoshino. " The naval historian Chen
Yue worked through the formations and movements
of both sides once, on 17 September 2014,
the hundred-and-twentieth anniversary of the battle,
and found that the direction Zhiyuan''s bow
was facing was the Japanese flagship Matsushima;
Yoshino at that moment was behind Zhiyuan,
which could not have turned about to
ram her. The second account: water came
in over the bow until it swamped
the boilers and set off a large
explosion — this is Chen Yue''s reading.
The third: a large-calibre shell pierced the
hull near the waterline and she took
on a great deal of water.
The fourth: a large-calibre shell struck the
torpedo compartment on her side and detonated
the "black-head" torpedoes stored there.
After a torpedo fuse was found in
the 2016 underwater survey, some specialists consider
this the most likely.
But the archaeologists reserve judgement.
Zhou Chunshui, a research fellow at the
National Centre for Underwater Cultural Heritage,
has said plainly: "on the evidence available,
it is not possible to infer how
the Zhiyuan sank. " The hull below the
waterline is relatively intact, which largely rules
out the torpedo theory; and the fuse
found proves only that torpedoes were carried.
Four accounts, and all are accounts.
Archaeology has not decided, to this day.
Of more than two hundred officers and
men aboard, only a few survived.
Deng Shichang did not leave his ship.
After the battle, the Beiyang Fleet fell
back on Weihaiwei. Ships whose repairs were
unfinished came into harbour still damaged.
Around 20 January 1895, Japanese forces landed at Rongcheng
Bay in Shandong, then took the batteries
behind Weihaiwei, and pressed the fleet from
land and sea together with the Combined
Fleet. On the night of 4 February
other accounts say the small hours of
5 February — Japanese torpedo boats broke into the
harbour, and the flagship Dingyuan was struck
by a torpedo in the stern and
run aground to keep her afloat.
On 9 February, Dingyuan''s captain Liu Buchan ordered
the ship filled with explosives and blown
up, then took his own life.
He had once made a promise:
"if the ship is lost, I end
myself. " On 11 February, Admiral Ding Ruchang refused
to surrender and took poison.
About his end there is another account
of foreign advisers and fearful officers pressing
him to surrender, and of a British
adviser signing the surrender in his name
the next day. This film sets both
accounts side by side.
On 14 February, the Weihaiwei surrender agreement was
signed. On 17 February, Japanese forces occupied Liugong
Island. The surviving ships were taken,
and Zhenyuan was among them.
The Beiyang Fleet ends here.
This is as far as the film
takes it: a fleet was gone,
and the harbour was still in place.
In March 1895, Li Hongzhang was appointed plenipotentiary
of the first rank and sent to
Japan to negotiate peace.
The place was the Shunpanro, at Shimonoseki in
Yamaguchi; across the table were Japan''s prime
minister Ito Hirobumi and foreign minister Mutsu
Munemitsu. In the negotiations, the indemnity Japan
first demanded was three hundred million taels
of silver. In April, Japan presented an
ultimatum. Li Hongzhang telegraphed the court,
and Guangxu replied: "if truly nothing can
be revised, then follow the earlier instruction
and conclude the treaty. "
On 17 April 1895, Li Hongzhang signed the Sino-Japanese
Treaty of Peace with Ito Hirobumi and
Mutsu Munemitsu — the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
It took effect on 8 May 1895.
The text of the treaty reads:
Article I: China recognises the full and complete
independence of Korea. Article II: China cedes
to Japan in perpetuity the following places
one, the southern portion of Fengtian province,
with a boundary line annexed; two,
the island of Taiwan and all islands
appertaining to it; three, the Penghu islands.
Article IV: China will pay Japan two
hundred million taels of treasury silver as
war indemnity, in eight instalments.
Article VI: China opens Shashi, Chongqing,
Suzhou and Hangzhou as treaty ports.
Article VIII: Japanese forces will occupy Weihaiwei
temporarily, at an occupation cost of five
hundred thousand taels of treasury silver per
year. One point that is often flattened
in summary should be stated: Article II
of the treaty reads "the southern portion
of Fengtian province", with a boundary line
annexed — not the general phrase "the Liaodong
peninsula", which is how later summaries usually
put it. This film quotes the treaty
as it reads.
Before the signing, something happened that is
rare in international negotiation.
On the afternoon of 24 March 1895, after the
third round of talks, Li Hongzhang rode
in his sedan chair from the Shunpanro
back to his lodging at Injō-ji.
At a street corner the crowd was
thick and the bearers slowed.
A man broke through to the front
of the chair, pressed his left hand
on the bearer''s shoulder, and raised a
pistol in his right.
The bullet struck below Li Hongzhang''s left
eye and lodged in the cheekbone;
the bleeding would not stop.
He fainted where he was and came
round shortly after; when the chair reached
the gate of Injō-ji, he walked in
on his own feet.
The man who fired was named Koyama
Toyotaro, from Gunma prefecture, unemployed.
The case was tried at the Yamaguchi
district court. After this, the Japanese side
agreed to a ceasefire; Emperor Meiji sent
two surgeon-generals to Shimonoseki to treat Li
Hongzhang. On 17 April, his face bound in
bandages, Li Hongzhang signed the treaty.
The indemnity went from the three hundred
million first demanded to two hundred million.
Whether one caused the other, this film
sets the two side by side and
does not judge.
The news of the treaty reached Beijing
during the metropolitan examination, when candidates from
every province were in the city.
From 1 to 3 May, Kang Youwei,
Liang Qichao and others organised a joint
petition by provincial candidates at Songjun''an in
the southern city — the shrine of Yang
Jiaoshan — opposing the treaty and calling for
rejection of the peace, removal of the
capital, and reform. About this, two records
have to be given.
One is the account of Kang Youwei
and Liang Qichao themselves: more than six
hundred signed, the petition was very large,
and hearing that the treaty had already
been signed, it was not submitted to
the Censorate. The other is later research
and the doubts it raises: the Censorate''s
own record of that day''s business,
and Weng Tonghe''s diary for that day,
contain no record of "over twelve hundred
candidates petitioning at the Censorate. "
A researcher reconstructed the list and found
that Kang Youwei''s name is not on
it; and in those days provincial candidates
petitioned on their own account in thirty-one
separate petitions, totalling more than fifteen hundred
signatures. On its scale, and on whether
it was submitted, the accounts differ.
This film gives both, gives no single
number, and does not write that it
was refused.
After the treaty, three more things happened.
The first: on 23 April 1895, Russia, Germany and
France intervened and demanded that Japan return
the Liaodong territory. The second: on 8 November 1895,
China and Japan signed the Treaty for
the Return of Southern Liaoning; Japan returned
the southern portion of Fengtian province,
and the Qing court paid three hundred million
taels of treasury silver to redeem it.
The third: inside the court there was
a discussion of considerable scale.
After receiving Kang Youwei''s memorial, Guangxu ordered
a copy made, and on 19 July sent
it out together with eight other memorials
to the generals and governors of the
provinces for discussion. All of this happened
in the same year as the treaty.
The film stops here, and does not
push further.
After 1895, the people went their separate ways.
Weng Tonghe died in 1904.
Li Hongzhang died in 1901.
Yuan Shikai, in 1912, stood at the centre
of another matter. Deng Shichang had no
old age. What the fleet left behind
is still in place.
On Liugong Island at Weihai, the old
site of the Beiyang Fleet headquarters is
today''s Chinese Jiawu War Museum.
On the island there is also a
full-size replica of Dingyuan, which visitors can
board. The armour plate stripped from the
original Dingyuan stands today inside Dazaifu Tenmangu
in Fukuoka, Japan, made into a gate
and the gun ports and the rivet
holes in it are still there.
Zhiyuan lies in the waters off Daludao,
in Dandong, Liaoning. The underwater archaeology team
has worked there since 2014; in 2016 the underwater
survey was declared closed.
To this day, raising her whole is
not on the agenda.
The Summer Palace is still there.
In 1998 it was inscribed on UNESCO''s World
Heritage List. The Boat of Clear Seas
still sits on the north-west shore of
Kunming Lake — and its hull is made
of stone. From 1894 to now, more than
a hundred and thirty years.
Those halls, that stone boat, that gate,
that seabed — all of them still in
the same place.
This is Shenzhou: China''s Living Heritage.
We place the fact, and where it comes
from, in front of you together.
▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：In 1894 Beijing held a sixtieth birthday party. A few months later, the Beiyang Fleet was gone.