北京有條街叫東交民巷。 它從崇文門的內側往東延伸，西到道路。
「1900年以後，為什麼中國人不能住在這條街上？ | 神州 06」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下為本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
北京有條叫做東街門西巷的街巷。
從崇文門內往東，到天安門廣場東側的路上往西，
約有一千五百多米，
是北京最長的一條街巷。
一九零一年九月，一個條約聲明這個區域
為各國使館保留，供各國使館
來自各國的使館人員駐守，
並且中國人不得居住於此。
一個中國城市的中間一條街
中國人不能居住的地方。這個條約
是從哪裡來的？
夏天的氣候從開始說起。
光緒二十五年（一八九九年），直隸總督衞志倫上奏折。
奏折內容是這樣的:「本年夏秋兩季雨量稀少，直隸、山西、山東、河南等省嚴重受災的地區非常廣泛。
在山東的那個秋天，報告寫道：
「蟲子吃光了庄稼，
穀物價格高得離譜。 」
黃河以北的河南，
三個府裡的報告寫道：
「千里不見鳥，
」乾旱一直延續到隔年。 一九零零年，直隸總督李鴻章報告十五個縣區受災。
而在旱災之前，這一帶一直在打另一場戰爭已經很久了。 foreign missions與中國基督徒
一方，另一方則是未受洗的中國人
數十年來因為財產歸還、徵稅、訴訟等問題
而積累的衝突 一九零零年一月，山東省的省長袁世凱將奏摺交給總理衙門，奏摺中有一個數字：一九八九年八月到一九零零年一月，山東省的濟南、東昌、泰安、臨清等地共十七個縣市發生過一百四十六宗與傳教士和皈依者有關的事件。
五個月。十七個地區與縣。
一百四十六人。
法院也不是很平靜的。
1898年之後，慈禧太后恢復了
從幕後統治，光緒帝失去實際權力。
1900年一月廿四日，朝廷頒發詔書
，以太后名義，命溥鈞
為嗣親王。詔書下達，各國公使拒絕祝賀，事情暫緩。
同年，一批叫做拳匪的組織從山東和直隸一帶擴散。這個名字並非新出現。
三個字「伊和全」早在1779年便
出現於直隸總督周元禮的奏摺中
1898年10月26日，山東省莘縣莊縣
的李元村，趙三多、顏淑琴等人
聚集起來攻擊當地的教堂。 趙三多屬於梅花拳的學校，並將其更名為
義和拳。 1900 年 6 月，大批拳師進入北京。
他們於 6 月 13 日進入內城。 那天城中十一間教堂被燒毀，其中包括亞洲石油教堂在小順胡同，天主教東教堂在班馬巷，以及浸信會教堂在登時口。 同一天，
三千二百名天主教徒
在西城北大教堂避難
超過兩千名基督徒則在東交民巷的公使館區避難
六月十一日，日本公使館的秘書杉山平一（Sugiyama Akira）在永定門被甘肅軍的董福祥（Dong Fuxiang）殺害。
14日德國駐華大使冯·凱特勒
下令德國士兵開火，擊斃約二十名義和團士兵。
19日中俄聯軍駐京辦事處通告各國公使，限令二十四小時內離京。次日冯·凱特勒
在轎子中前往中俄聯軍駐京辦事處，
要求延期離京。
1900年6月20日清晨，德國
駐華公使馮國璽離開東交民巷，在
轎子中出發前往宗理衙門。前一天，
宗理衙門已經命令外國使節
在二十四小時內離開北京。馮國璽
打算要求延遲離開。 西直門外的西宗布胡同口，東單牌坊北街，一名清兵開火。 馮·凱特勒在當場遇害。當時的記載留下了殺手的名字：恩海，沈家莊神機營步兵班卒。 在那年十二月三十一日，他被帶到馮·凱特勒遇害的那個地方，當場槍決。
那天下午，東交民巷被圍困了。
圍城持續了五十五天。
內部是各國駐京公使館的衛兵，超過四百名士兵；
473名外國平民；
149名婦女和79名兒童——以及超過2800名中國基督徒。 為什麼他們逃跑了：
自從六月十三日之後，教堂被燒毀、基督徒被殺的消息接踵而至
。那些守衛的總數，根據計數者的不同而有所不同
。四百三十二人，是指兩次來到北京的守衛隊伍的總和
。 四百零九是
圍困開始時，實際駐守使館區的士兵人數；
八百八十二是四百零九名士兵加上四百七十三名外國平民；
三個數字。三個基數。
六月二十三日，漢林學堂——與英國使館共用一道牆——遭到火災。
當時英國籍的B. L. Putnam Weale在使館內記下了那一天的經歷，他在《北京不白話》一書中寫道：
"昨天有一個縱火犯像貓一樣偷偷摸摸地走來。 丟了個火炬往漢林丟去，
一小時後英國使館,
各國大使的住所，
處於絕境。 " 漢林正對著英國使館。火雖未燒壞石造的使館,
卻燒毀了漢林，
以及其內庭院中的書籍。
其中還有一些是明朝嘉靖本的永樂大典 — 這本書是在雍正時期被遷入漢林館的景宜樓中 — 和四庫全書的原版。
那一本書的數量一直在下降中。 乾隆時期進行過檢查，共計有九千餘冊。
1875年再次查閱時，剩下不到五千卷；
1894年溫體和進行了清點，剩下八百餘冊。
這場大火中損失了多少冊書，
記載不一致：有人說至少六百五十餘冊，有人說約三百餘冊。
大火後，英國使館歸還約三百三十餘冊。
圍城中的生活是一次停火
接着又是一次開火，
六月二十五日清軍停止攻擊
在北橋舉起白旗，掛出一塊木板
上面寫著： "皇帝敕令外國公使館
要得到保護，立即停止攻擊。
那天深夜
砲火重新開始，英國大使
克勞德·麥克唐納在他的報告中稱之為
整場圍城中最激烈的一次砲擊。
7月17日，雙方達成停火協議。西部城內發生了一系列事件。
北座堂自6月15日晚上被包圍，持續抵抗直到8月16日。
圍城之後的一天，
六月二十一日，宮廷頒布了一個詔書。
後世通常稱之為「宣戰詔書」。 詔書並未指明對手是哪個國家。 詔書始終稱對方只是「他們」。 以下被描述為
"對十一國的宣戰"
其中十一國就是翌年簽署
拳擊士協定（Boxer Protocol）的國家：
德國、
奧匈帝國、
比利時、
西班牙、
法國、
英國、
義大利、
美國、
日本、
荷蘭和
俄羅斯。
是否這個敕令等於是一紙
正式戰爭宣言，歷史學家有兩種
看法。以下都是這兩種看法。
其中一種看法認為這不是
一紙正式戰爭宣言。2006年，河南大學出版的第一期《學術月刊》
刊載過郭天祥的文章《論清廷1900年
所謂「宣戰令」的問題》。 He puts four points:
the edict names no clear opponent;
no Chinese or foreign newspaper reported a
declaration; the envoys abroad and the foreign
side knew nothing of it; and the
Qing government neither broke off relations with
the powers nor recalled its envoys.
Hu Sheng, in From the Opium War
to the May Fourth Movement, also writes
that this edict was not delivered to
any foreign government in any form.
The other position holds that it is
a declaration of war.
The Qing History edited by Nan Bingwen,
the General History of China: Early Modern
edited by Bai Shouyi, Lin Huaguo''s A
Study of Boxer Affairs, and the Cambridge
History of China: Late Ch''ing edited by
John King Fairbank all treat it as
one. Both positions stand.
Take the attacking side first.
The nominal commander was the Grand Councillor
Ronglu. The main force actually attacking was
Dong Fuxiang''s Gansu troops, pressing in from
the north and the west.
They had artillery. Li Yuerui, a man
of the time, recorded one incident in
Chunbing Shi Yecheng —The court pressed for the
attack; the Wuwei Army''s field-gun battery entered
the city. The Tianjin brigade general Zhang
Huaizhi got the guns onto the wall
and then held fire.
He came down from the wall to
see Ronglu and asked for a written
order. Ronglu said: " Either way, the sound
of the guns will be heard inside. "
Zhang Huaizhi understood. He went back up
and changed his tune, saying the ranging
was off and the guns must be
re-laid; he moved the battery and fired
for a day and a night at
open ground outside the legations.
The legations were not damaged.
During the siege the two sides were
still in touch. On 25 June the Qing
troops stopped firing and sent watermelons and
vegetables to the legations; from mid-July they
also sent vegetables, white rice, watermelons and
wine.
Now the defending side.
More than four hundred guards from the
various powers held several positions: the British
legation at the core; the United States
and Germany on the city wall;
France, Italy and Japan in the north-west.
They were short of weapons.
The heaviest gun the defenders had was
one they had captured from the attacking
side. Over the fifty-five days of the
siege, the guards lost fifty-five killed and
about one hundred and thirty-five wounded.
On the other line, the North Cathedral
was held by some forty French and
Italian soldiers, together with about three thousand
Chinese Christians. The attacking force numbered in
the thousands. Mines were blown four times:
11 July, 18 July, 12 August and 13 August.
On 18 July, the western part of the
Sisters'' House at the cathedral''s north end
collapsed in a mass.
The defenders'' casualties were mostly not caused
by bullets. The researcher Dai Haibin counted:
during the siege of the North Cathedral
more than four hundred died, one hundred
and twenty of them children; far more
died of disease and hunger than of
gunfire, and the great majority of them
were Chinese. He also points to something
else: the cathedral held to the end
not entirely because it was "well defended"
most of the shells flew too high,
and the Qing troops never attempted an
assault at close quarters.
That summer, both sides inside Beijing left
records. On 13 June, eleven churches in the
inner city caught fire on the same
day. The commander of the gendarmerie,
Chongli, wrote in his report: "churches within
both wings of my jurisdiction suddenly caught
fire at the you hour on the
seventeenth, starting inside Chongwenmen in Xiaoshun Hutong.
churches in various places caught fire one
after another. " The next day, the Catholic
South Cathedral inside Xuanwumen was burned.
In the diary of Bishop Favier:
"on 14 June, at half past eleven,
the South Cathedral too caught fire;
the hospital, the schools and the foundling
home were all affected. "
On 16 June a foreign-goods shop on Qianmen Street
caught fire and the fire spread.
The count afterwards: the Zhengyangmen gate tower
burned down; about a thousand shops and
twenty-four silver-melting works were burned.
The resident Zhongfang Shi recorded that day
in Gengzi Jishi. The number of Christian
dead varies widely between accounts.
The church historian Gu Changsheng''s figures are
about eighteen thousand Catholic converts and about
five thousand Protestant converts.
Another set of church statistics gives thirty
thousand Chinese Catholics. The China Inland Mission
monthly of the time reprinted a London
Times survey saying that in north China
"between fifteen and twenty thousand believers were
killed".
In less than a month, it was
the other side''s turn.
On 14 August the allied troops broke into
Beijing. What followed was written down in
the commander''s own report.
Waldersee wrote to the German emperor:
"the details of all the damage and
looting China suffered this time can never
be ascertained, but they must unquestionably be
very great. and the rapes of women,
the acts of cruelty, the killing at
will and the burning without cause that
occurred during the looting were very numerous. "
Zhongfang Shi wrote in his diary on
the twenty-third day of the seventh month:
"the foreign soldiers of the various countries,
after forming up on the twenty-first,
looted and plundered everywhere, all under the
name of seizing Boxers and searching for
arms. kicking in doors from house to
house. every coin, watch and valuable was
carried off, and this was called ''disturbing
the city''. Anyone who stood in the
way was killed. " Bertram Lenox Simpson,
then inside the legation quarter, recorded in
Indiscreet Letters from Peking that French troops
machine-gunned a crowd of Chinese driven into
a dead-end lane, "firing for about ten
or fifteen minutes, until not one was
left". On property: Japanese troops took about
three million taels of silver from the
Board of Revenue; Russian troops occupied the
Summer Palace on 19 August and withdrew on
2 October.
How many people died in this conflict
altogether — there is no agreed figure.
Encyclopædia Britannica puts it this way:
"perhaps 100,000 or more people died in
the conflict, although estimates of casualties vary
widely. "
Negotiations began at the end of 1900.
On 7 September 1901, Yikuang and Li Hongzhang signed
the Boxer Protocol on behalf of the
Qing government. On the signing side were
eleven countries: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain,
France, Britain, Italy, the United States,
Japan, the Netherlands and Russia.
The treaty has twelve articles and nineteen
annexes. Four main provisions
Indemnity: 450 million taels of customs silver,
at four per cent a year,
repaid over thirty-nine years from 1902, principal and
interest together more than 982,230,000 taels,
secured on the customs and salt revenues.
The legation quarter: the Dongjiaomin Xiang area
of Beijing was set aside for the
exclusive use of the foreign legations,
to be defended by each power itself,
and Chinese people were not permitted to
live inside it. Forts and troops:
the Dagu forts and all forts between
Beijing and the sea were to be
razed; foreign powers could station troops along
the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan;
no Chinese troops within twenty li of
Tianjin; and for at least two years
China was forbidden to import arms and
the materials for making them.
Prohibition of hostility to foreigners: Chinese people
were permanently forbidden to form or join
any organisation hostile to the foreign powers;
officials who had supported the Boxers were
to be punished; and in towns where
incidents involving foreigners had occurred, the civil
and military examinations were suspended for five
years. The indemnity figure, 450 million taels,
was close to China''s population at the
time. Later on people said this was
"one tael per person".
Those four characters are not in the
treaty. Article 6 reads: "the indemnity to
be paid to the powers shall be
450 million taels of customs silver.
at four per cent a year,
the principal to be repaid by China
over thirty-nine years in instalments according to
the schedule annexed. " " One tael per person"
is a later interpretation of the relationship
between that sum and the population figure.
This street is still there today.
Dongjiaomin Xiang runs east from the inside
of Chongwenmen and west to the road along the east side of Tiananmen Square,
a little over fifteen hundred metres in
all. On 25 June 2001 the State Council listed
it as a fifth-batch Major Historical and
Cultural Site Protected at the National Level,
under the name "the Dongjiaomin Xiang legation
buildings", thirteen buildings in all.
Those buildings each have their own use
today: the former Yokohama Specie Bank is
the China Court Museum, the former National City
Bank is the Beijing Police Museum,
the former Japanese legation is the Beijing
Municipal People''s Government, and the former Russian
legation is the Supreme People''s Court.
Some names are gone.
The Grand Hôtel des Wagons-Lits, the Hongkong
and Shanghai Bank, Jardine Matheson, the German
legation — all demolished.
The North Cathedral is still there too,
in the same place, and still in
use. It did not begin there.
In the thirty-second year of Kangxi the
emperor fell ill with malaria; the French
Jesuit Jean-François Gerbillon brought cinchona bark,
and the emperor recovered.
The emperor granted him a plot of
land at Candi Kou, west of the
Central Lake, and a church was built
there. In the twelfth year of Guangxu,
when the three lakes of the Western
Garden were being repaired, the court took
that land back and allotted a new
site at Xishiku, and the new church
was completed in the fourteenth year of
Guangxu. The cathedral standing now is the
one rebuilt then. There is also a
stone arch in Zhongshan Park.
In 1901 the Qing government began a memorial
at the spot where von Ketteler was
killed, and it was completed in 1903
white marble, blue glazed tile roof,
four pillars, three bays, seven roof ridges.
In 1918, when the First World War ended,
China was on the winning side.
On 13 November President Xu Shichang ordered the
memorial demolished. The stone was taken down,
moved to the Central Park and reassembled,
the original wording cut away, and four
new characters carved: " Right prevails".
In 1952, when the Asian and Pacific Peace
Conference was held in Beijing, the arch
was renamed "the Peace Defence Arch",
the four characters written by Guo Moruo.
It is still in Zhongshan Park today,
inside the south gate.
Part of that indemnity came back later.
On 25 May 1908 the United States Congress passed
a resolution authorising the return of the
portion it judged to exceed actual losses;
President Roosevelt signed it on 28 December that
year. The return began on 1 January 1909.
In June 1909 the Bureau for Students to
America was set up; in August the
Qinghua Garden was handed to it as
a preparatory school for study in the
United States; in October the first group
of forty-seven students sailed.
In August 1910 a second group of seventy
left. In February 1911 the school moved into
the Qinghua Garden and was renamed " Qinghua
College"; on 29 April it formally opened.
Back to that street from the beginning.
After 1901, Dongjiaomin Xiang became a place where
Chinese people could not live.
The stone buildings on that street stayed
standing, and went through several rounds of
other uses. On 6 January 1950 the Beijing Military
Control Commission issued a proclamation taking back
the properties of the foreign barracks in
Beijing and requisitioning the barracks and other
buildings. That month the American, French and
Dutch barracks were handed over one after
another; in April the British barracks were
handed over as well.
From 1959 the foreign legations moved out to
the area beyond Jianguomen one by one.
The history of Dongjiaomin Xiang as a
legation quarter ended there.
Today it is the longest lane in
Beijing, with a main road at each
end.
The complete transcript, bibliography and further reading
for this film are at sylogs.com.
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