一場大雨，1,142塊石像頭：紫禁城的水去哪了？ | Shenzhou 04

「一場大雨，1,142塊石龍頭：故宮的水去哪了？ | 神州 04」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下為本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。

故宮內有井。

明清史料中，宮井一一記錄：有的被稱為「甜可飲」；

其他被視為是「乾涸的井」

城市並不缺水

——城牆外邊有一個

水渠。然而，宮廷每天使用的水，都是從城外運來的

為什麼?

從井頭說起

明代劉若愚寫了一本書叫做《釣中志》，記錄了宮廷的運作。

提到數個井灌：一個在小石橋的東邊，「甜美適於飲用」；一個是在萬曆年間開挖的，「極甜」。

井灌還有不同的職務。

故宮博物院研究館長周謙認為，井灌是宮內的「主要生活用水來源，」既供飲水，又供滅火用途。

在消防方面，劉若愚在同一書中補充了一條線：內金水河被保留用於滅火，因為「如果我們只靠井水，能夠救多少?」掃地、浸灌和洗澡在宮中也會使用這些井水。

有一口井獨自站在其他井之外：

心修堂的大厨井。順治八年 — 1651年 — 有一規定：每年十月，

在大厨井前祭祀井神。

故宮博物院的官方網站形容這口井的水為「清澈、

甘甜且冰冷。」誰在照料這些井？可以確認的是，這些井進行修理，而不是每年清淤一次。

位於嘉德堂右翼西側的八角井，在1626年曾經被清掃過一次。 之後的味道還是沒有改變，卓中志只是

簡單地寫道： 「一個徹底毀壞的井。」

有一個每年的例行程序：第三個月的第四天，宮殿的水道系統

進行清理，銅鍋子擦洗乾淨並重新灌入新鮮抽取的水。

那麼每年都要挖掘每個井

因為我們找不到明朝的記載中有

明確的規則.

所以宮內的井並不是全部都不可用

有些可以喝；有些已經填滿了

在這一點上，記載彼此不相符

為什麼要在城外找水呢？

當時的人就把城市的水源

記錄下來了。

明代的徐崇在《暖書有別》中寫道：

京城的井水大多是鹹而苦澀的，

根本不能喝。

李時珍在《本草綱目》中指出原因：城市的井水位於近溝渠及污水處，汙物渗入水中，水質變得鹼性。清朝時，北京一位無名的作家在《燕京雜記》中寫道：

「京城的水口感最為不佳。

王允，先前在元朝的著作中寫道：

在人口稠密的地區，水質多為鹹淡的混合；有井口冒出清涼的泉水，百分之九十九也沒有。

這些記載描述的是整個北京城，而不是紫禁城內的井水。 現代人對於鹹味的解釋來自地下水化學

現代研究的結果，而不是歷史記載

的資料。

外牆旁的水線

並不是清朝的發明。

在至元二十八年,

元朝時，郭守敬提出將

昌平的白浮泉改道：水

從北城西邊圍繞，然後

南轉進入西水關城內。

《元史》在水道志中記載了

這一條路線。

元朝還切斷了一條金水河

，將玉泉山的水引入首都並通往宮殿

那時候有規定：不得在金水河洗手

。 一份1322年的詔書提到

「當時開國皇帝在位時

在金水河洗手是被禁止的」

當時人們已經把金水河用來

灌溉馬匹了。

後來的百伏線出了問題。

明朝修建了昌平的皇家陵墓

後，朝廷又商議對它進行疏浚

並得出結論說「水流西去，逆水行舟，

而且流過了祖先的陵墓，這很可能是不合適的，」

所以就沒有進行修理。

1471年，朝廷又派了一個小組到那裡進行調查

並且得到相同的結論。

一旦百福停下，

玉泉山的水就成為京城的主要來源了。

清朝的皇宮也取水於此。

玉泉山的水是如何聲名大噪的呢？乾隆十六年，1751年，皇帝寫了一篇文章：《天下第一泉——玉泉山》。

同一年的詔書上寫著

"品嚐名泉後,

認為這裡的水質是天下第一。 "

他評判的不是口感。

是重量。

方法在文章中寫著：

"用銀量器比較"

同樣的量器裝不同水，

稱重，輕者排在第一。

玉泉山水：一斗

濟南白玉泉：一兩二釐

揚子金山泉：一兩三釐

回泉虎跑泉：各一兩四釐

清涼山、白沙、虎丘和西山的綠雲寺：每一兩

和一分。這篇文章還多了一行字：

雪水比玉泉水輕三兩，但“不能常備。”

這是乾隆自己所列的清單。 用今天來判斷水質，

我們使用化學分析，而不是重量。

水是如何進入宮殿的？是陸路進入的。載有水的車子是在玉泉山採水，經由西直門進入宮殿，然後進入了神威門。

有個記載說，溥儀退位後，

仍然有運送玉泉水的車子每天

通過天聖門。西直門有個外號：

水關。這個名字不是來自於

一道水閘，它來自於每天都

通過這個門口的水車。

在舊城門,

城門下的拱門上刻著一塊白色大理石浮雕

，刻畫著波浪形狀，稱為「西直門水

紋」 。它已經不見了。

水道改道了：內金水河進入宮殿時

從神威門西面的水閘進入，離開時

從東光輝門南面的水閘離開。

那是2016年的一個公開聲明

由當時故宮博物院的院長

單士祥所說。一個車子，一個閘口

兩條完全不同的路線

誰在運營呢？在清朝

是內務府在運營

負責的機關是內務府內殿庭

也稱為章官府

康熙二十二年

在它下面建立了一个车库

由四名官员管理

有多少人呢？这里有兩個說法。有一說張官衙裡有四千九百五十名屬下

——但那是整個衙門，不只是水手。

The other says water carrying fell to

the Imperial Kitchen, with one hundred and

three men on the duty.

Both accounts are cited.

For the number of men whose sole

duty was carrying water, we found no

primary record. How much water came in

each day, or each year — likewise not

found.

There is one more thing we could

not find. In the Qing there was

a work called the Palace History.

Two of its chapters record daily expenses,

allowances and offerings in the palace.

Milk, tea, vessels, ice chests — each listed

item by item. Water is not there.

Another work, the Collected Regulations of the

Palace, sets out the daily allowances from

empress dowager down to the lowest-ranked consorts.

It has no entry for water either.

On the Palace Museum''s own website,

the emperor''s daily allowance is said to

include "twelve jars of Jade Spring water. "

That figure carries no archival citation.

Another set of numbers circulating online

fifty jars for the emperor, twenty-five for

the empress dowager, twenty for the empress,

two for a maid — we could not

trace, and it does not match the

twelve. How the water was divided up

after it reached the palace, we found

no primary record for either.

Water had another form in the palace:

ice. Ice was cut in more than

one place. The archives and the Collected

Statutes of the Great Qing record the

waters used: the Tongzi River around the

Forbidden City, the Jingshui or Imperial River,

and the Lotus Pond at Longwangtang.

In the early Qing, ice was cut

as far away as the Tongzhou channel;

after 1754 Tongzhou was dropped and more ice

was cut on the Imperial River each

year. The ice was stored in icehouses

outside the Longzong Gate.

The Collected Statutes record: "within the Forbidden

City, five icehouses, storing twenty-five thousand blocks"

each block a foot and a half

square. Four icehouses still stand in the

palace today. Ice was not only for

the palace. In the ninth year of

Shunzhi a rule was set: every year

from midsummer until the start of autumn,

the princes, the ministers and the censors

all received ice.

Ice was collected on a ticket.

The Board of Works issued ice tickets,

and the holder came to collect.

Not only people inside the palace either.

Outside the ten city gates, and at

the four memorial arches east and west,

fourteen official summer-broth stations were set up

for soldiers and civilians.

The system was interrupted in the middle:

suspended in 1674, restored in the Qianlong reign.

So "the Qing issued ice throughout" is

not accurate. It stopped once.

That spring, the one Qianlong weighed at

one liang — what of it today?

The springs of Jade Spring Mountain stopped

flowing completely in 1975. Beijing''s plan for treating

groundwater overdraft, covering 2023 to 2025, still lists "accelerating

ecological restoration of the Jade Spring Mountain

and Baifu Spring areas" as a task

that is, as of that plan,

it has not recovered.

The water Beijing drinks has changed source.

Guanting Reservoir began supplying water in 1954,

and stopped supplying Beijing''s domestic water in 1977

as quality declined. Miyun Reservoir was completed

in 1960; from 1982 it stopped supplying Hebei and

Tianjin and went to Beijing alone.

In December 2014, the middle route of the

South-to-North Water Diversion began delivering water to

the city. The " Finest Spring Under Heaven"

stele still stands beside the spring at

the southern foot of Jade Spring Mountain.

Jade Spring Mountain is used today by

a state institution and is not open

to the public.

What became of the stored ice?

Of the four icehouses still standing in

the palace, three have become restaurants and

one a storeroom. The area is a

visitor service zone now.

When did the water carts stop?

The Beijing water company was approved in 1908

and began supplying in 1910; its stated range

ran "inward as far as the Forbidden

City. " Whether it ever actually supplied the

palace has two accounts.

One says it did.

The other, from the recollection of an

old employee of the works, says the

pipe into the palace served firefighting only:

it entered from the East Glorious Gate,

ran about three hundred metres, and ended

at the Wenchang Pavilion — and the palace

still drank water delivered by cart.

The exact year the carts stopped,

we could not find.

The latest marker is 5 November 1924, when Puyi

left the palace. Jade Spring''s water was

still there then: a survey in 1928 still

recorded eight springs. What stopped was the

system, not the source.

Back to the question at the start.

There are wells in the palace.

Some of their water could be drunk,

some could not; the wells were sacrificed

to, and repaired. That the city''s water

was unpleasant is written down by the

people of the time.

Qianlong used a silver measure to place

Jade Spring''s water first on a list

he drew up himself.

So every day water carts came into

the city: from Jade Spring Mountain,

in through Xizhimen, in through the Gate

of Divine Might. Who managed it,

how many men, how much came in

each day — the offices can be traced;

the figures mostly cannot.

Once the water reached the palace,

part of it became ice, stored outside

the Longzong Gate and handed out on

tickets in summer. This way of moving

water ran from the Yuan, when Jade

Spring was diverted into the capital,

all the way to 1924.

And the water of Jade Spring Mountain

where did that come from?

Shenzhou: China''s Living Heritage.

The transcript and bibliography are at sylogs.com.

▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：One storm, 1,142 stone dragon heads: where does the Forbidden City''s water go? | Shenzhou 04