北京有一條巷道叫做東直門內街。它從崇文門內向東延伸，西邊到達道路
《神州大地》系列 總第 17 集：「中國第一民主政體在 60 天內喪亡。它是誰殺死了它？（短片）」是本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
北京有一條巷子叫做東交民巷。
它從崇文門內側向東延伸，西到天安門廣場東側的道路，
約有一千五百多米，
是北京最長的巷子。
一九零一年九月有一個條約
規定這塊地由各國使館佔據
由各國派人防守，中華民國
人不得在此居住
一條中國城市中間的街道
中國人不得居住
那個條約是從哪裡來的？
夏天的氣候先說起來吧。
光緒二十五年（1899年），直隸總督毓禄上奏疏書。疏書內記載如下：「本年夏秋兩季，雨水稀少，直隸、山西、山東、河南等省受災的區域非常廣闊。」
當時山東的秋季報告如下：
「蟲子把庄稼吃得一乾二淨，
穀物價格昂貴。 」
河南黃河以北的三個府，報告如下：
「千里不見鳥的影子。 」
那場旱災持續到隔年。 在 1900 年，直隸總督李鴻章報告，十五個縣遭受影響。
而在乾旱之前，這個地區已經在長時間內與另一場戰爭苦苦抗爭。 中西傳教士與中國基督教徒一方，與未受洗的中國人另一方，
數十年的衝突積累起來
是因為財產歸還、徵稅、訴訟等問題。 一九零零年一月，山東省
總督袁世凱發送了一份報告給
總理衙門
，報告中只有一個數字：
從一九八九年八月到一九零零年一月，跨越三個府——濟南、東昌、泰安——以及獨立的臨清府，在十七個縣和區,
有十四十六宗事件涉及傳教士和皈依者。
五個月。十七個縣市。
一百四十六人。
法院也不平靜。
1898年後，太后慈禧恢復了幕後統治，光緒帝失去了實際權力。
1900年1月24日，朝廷發佈詔書
在皇帝的名義下，將
和碩端郡王載漪之子溥俊
立為皇太子。詔書下達後，外國
部長拒絕祝賀，該事便暫時擱置。
那年，一個名為拳匪的組織
從山東和直隸省傳播開來。該名並非新出現。
「 Yihe Quan 」的三個字
出現於1779年的奏摺中
由直隸總督周元禮所奏
1898年10月26日，山東省館陶縣李官屯莊莊江家莊，趙三多、嚴樹欽等人聚集起來，攻擊當地的教堂。 趙三多屬於梅花拳派，
並將其改名為
"一鶴拳"。1900年六月，
大量的拳民進入北京。
他們於六月十三日進入內城。 那天全城十一座教堂被燒毀，包括在小順胡同的亞細亞石油禮拜堂、班家窩的天主教東教堂以及鄧氏口的浸信會教堂。 同一天，
三千二百名天主教徒躲進西城北座堂，
超過兩千名基督徒則躲進東交民巷的公使館區。
六月十一日，日本公使館的秘書杉山平一被董福祥的甘肅軍在永定門殺害。
六月十四日，德國外交部長馮蓋特勒
命令德軍開火，打死了二十多名 BOXER
六月十九日，總理衙門通知外國使節
必須在二十四小時內離開北京。隔天早上馮蓋特勒
坐轎前往總理衙門，試圖延遲離京。
1900年6月20日清晨，德國
駐華公使馮堅阿特離開東交民巷
乘轎車前往總理衙門。前一天，總理衙門
已經告知外國使節24小時內離開北京。馮堅阿特要去求
求延期。 西宗布胡同西口，東單牌坊北街，清兵開火，馮毅德當場死亡。當時記載開火者姓名為恩海，深井旗大軍排槍隊人。該年12月31日恩海被押到馮毅德被殺處伏法。
那個下午，東交民巷被圍攻了。
圍攻持續了五十五天。
裡面有各國使館的衛兵，超過四百名男子；
四百七十三名外國平民
一百四十九名婦女和七十九名兒童 —— 並且還有超過兩千八百名中國基督徒。 為什麼他們會跑:
從六月十三日起，教堂被燒毀的消息
和基督徒被殺的消息接連傳出。
關於這些衛兵的數字，
取決於誰在計算。
四百三十二人是兩波衛兵
來到北京後的總數。 四百零九是
圍困開始時，駐守領事館區的士兵實際人數；
八百八十二是四百零九名士兵加上四百七十三名外籍平民。
三個數字。三個據點。
六月二十三日，漢林學堂——與英國使館共用一牆——遭遇大火。
B. L. Putnam Weale，當時身處使館區域的一位英國人，在《北京不白話》一書中寫道：
「昨天有一個縱火者，像貓一樣偷偷摸摸地走來。」 丟了一根火把進漢林,
過了一個小時，英國使館,
全體大臣住的地方,
處處危機。
「漢林使館正好對著英國使館，
火焰燒著，卻未能燒壞英國使館的石牆,
而是燒毀了漢林和它的院子里的書籍。
其中有嘉靖本的《永樂大典》— 在永曆時移入翰林的景宜閣 — 和《四庫全書》的原稿。
那部書的總冊數一直在下降。乾隆時進行過一次清查，計有超過九千冊；
1875年再次進行清查時，僅剩下五千餘冊；
1894年，翁同和進行了統計，剩下八百餘冊。
這場大火中損失了多少冊書籍，
記載有所不同：一說至少有六百五十冊，
另一說約有三百冊。
大火後，英國使館歸還了約三百三十冊。
圍城內的生活是一個停火
又一個停火，然後又是一次開火。
六月二十五日，清軍停止進攻
。
他們在北橋升起白旗，懸掛一塊木板上
寫著： "皇上敕令外藩使館
得以安全；即刻停止攻擊。"
那天深夜
砲擊再次開始，英國駐京公使
克勞德·麥克唐納在他的報告中稱之為
整場圍城中最為激烈的一次砲擊。
7月17日雙方達成停火協議。西城的另一系列事件
在西城發生
北大寺自6月15日晚間被包圍，直到8月16日才被攻下。
The day after the siege began,
21 June, the court issued an edict.
Later generations usually call it the "declaration
of war edict". The edict names no
country. Throughout, it calls the other side
only "them". What is later described as
"a declaration of war on eleven countries"
those eleven are the signatories of the
Boxer Protocol the following year: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Britain, Italy,
the United States, Japan, the Netherlands and
Russia. Whether this edict amounts to a
formal declaration of war, historians hold two
positions. Both are set out here.
One position holds that it is not
a formal declaration. In 2006 the first issue
of Shixue Yuekan, published by Henan University,
carried Guo Tianxiang''s article " A query on
the ''declaration of war'' by the Qing
government in 1900". He puts four points:
the edict names no clear opponent;
no Chinese or foreign newspaper reported a
declaration; the envoys abroad and the foreign
side knew nothing of it; and the
Qing government neither broke off relations with
the powers nor recalled its envoys.
Hu Sheng, in From the Opium War
to the May Fourth Movement, also writes
that this edict was not delivered to
any foreign government in any form.
The other position holds that it is
a declaration of war.
The Qing History edited by Nan Bingwen,
the General History of China: Early Modern
edited by Bai Shouyi, Lin Huaguo''s A
Study of Boxer Affairs, and the Cambridge
History of China: Late Ch''ing edited by
John King Fairbank all treat it as
one. Both positions stand.
Take the attacking side first.
The nominal commander was the Grand Councillor
Ronglu. The main force actually attacking was
Dong Fuxiang''s Gansu troops, pressing in from
the north and the west.
They had artillery. Li Yuerui, a man
of the time, recorded one incident in
Chunbing Shi Yecheng —The court pressed for the
attack; the Wuwei Army''s field-gun battery entered
the city. The Tianjin brigade general Zhang
Huaizhi got the guns onto the wall
and then held fire.
He came down from the wall to
see Ronglu and asked for a written
order. Ronglu said: " Either way, the sound
of the guns will be heard inside. "
Zhang Huaizhi understood. He went back up
and changed his tune, saying the ranging
was off and the guns must be
re-laid; he moved the battery and fired
for a day and a night at
open ground outside the legations.
The legations were not damaged.
During the siege the two sides were
still in touch. On 25 June the Qing
troops stopped firing and sent watermelons and
vegetables to the legations; from mid-July they
also sent vegetables, white rice, watermelons and
wine.
Now the defending side.
More than four hundred guards from the
various powers held several positions: the British
legation at the core; the United States
and Germany on the city wall;
France, Italy and Japan in the north-west.
They were short of weapons.
The heaviest gun the defenders had was
one they had captured from the attacking
side. Over the fifty-five days of the
siege, the guards lost fifty-five killed and
about one hundred and thirty-five wounded.
On the other line, the North Cathedral
was held by some forty French and
Italian soldiers, together with about three thousand
Chinese Christians. The attacking force numbered in
the thousands. Mines were blown four times:
11 July, 18 July, 12 August and 13 August.
On 18 July, the western part of the
Sisters'' House at the cathedral''s north end
collapsed in a mass.
The defenders'' casualties were mostly not caused
by bullets. The researcher Dai Haibin counted:
during the siege of the North Cathedral
more than four hundred died, one hundred
and twenty of them children; far more
died of disease and hunger than of
gunfire, and the great majority of them
were Chinese. He also points to something
else: the cathedral held to the end
not entirely because it was "well defended"
most of the shells flew too high,
and the Qing troops never attempted an
assault at close quarters.
That summer, both sides inside Beijing left
records. On 13 June, eleven churches in the
inner city caught fire on the same
day. The commander of the gendarmerie,
Chongli, wrote in his report: "churches within
both wings of my jurisdiction suddenly caught
fire at the you hour on the
seventeenth, starting inside Chongwenmen in Xiaoshun Hutong.
churches in various places caught fire one
after another. " The next day, the Catholic
South Cathedral inside Xuanwumen was burned.
In the diary of Bishop Favier:
"on 14 June, at half past eleven,
the South Cathedral too caught fire;
the hospital, the schools and the foundling
home were all affected. "
On 16 June a foreign-goods shop on Qianmen Street
caught fire and the fire spread.
The count afterwards: the Zhengyangmen gate tower
burned down; about a thousand shops and
twenty-four silver-melting works were burned.
The resident Zhongfang Shi recorded that day
in Gengzi Jishi. The number of Christian
dead varies widely between accounts.
The church historian Gu Changsheng''s figures are
about eighteen thousand Catholic converts and about
five thousand Protestant converts.
Another set of church statistics gives thirty
thousand Chinese Catholics. The China Inland Mission
monthly of the time reprinted a London
Times survey saying that in north China
"between fifteen and twenty thousand believers were
killed".
In less than a month, it was
the other side''s turn.
On 14 August the allied troops broke into
Beijing. What followed was written down in
the commander''s own report.
Waldersee wrote to the German emperor:
"the details of all the damage and
looting China suffered this time can never
be ascertained, but they must unquestionably be
very great. and the rapes of women,
the acts of cruelty, the killing at
will and the burning without cause that
occurred during the looting were very numerous. "
Zhongfang Shi wrote in his diary on
the twenty-third day of the seventh month:
"the foreign soldiers of the various countries,
after forming up on the twenty-first,
looted and plundered everywhere, all under the
name of seizing Boxers and searching for
arms. kicking in doors from house to
house. every coin, watch and valuable was
carried off, and this was called ''disturbing
the city''. Anyone who stood in the
way was killed. " Bertram Lenox Simpson,
then inside the legation quarter, recorded in
Indiscreet Letters from Peking that French troops
machine-gunned a crowd of Chinese driven into
a dead-end lane, "firing for about ten
or fifteen minutes, until not one was
left". On property: Japanese troops took about
three million taels of silver from the
Board of Revenue; Russian troops occupied the
Summer Palace on 19 August and withdrew on
2 October.
How many people died in this conflict
altogether — there is no agreed figure.
Encyclopædia Britannica puts it this way:
"perhaps 100,000 or more people died in
the conflict, although estimates of casualties vary
widely. "
Negotiations began at the end of 1900.
On 7 September 1901, Yikuang and Li Hongzhang signed
the Boxer Protocol on behalf of the
Qing government. On the signing side were
eleven countries: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain,
France, Britain, Italy, the United States,
Japan, the Netherlands and Russia.
The treaty has twelve articles and nineteen
annexes. Four main provisions
Indemnity: 450 million taels of customs silver,
at four per cent a year,
repaid over thirty-nine years from 1902, principal and
interest together more than 982,230,000 taels,
secured on the customs and salt revenues.
The legation quarter: the Dongjiaomin Xiang area
of Beijing was set aside for the
exclusive use of the foreign legations,
to be defended by each power itself,
and Chinese people were not permitted to
live inside it. Forts and troops:
the Dagu forts and all forts between
Beijing and the sea were to be
razed; foreign powers could station troops along
the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan;
no Chinese troops within twenty li of
Tianjin; and for at least two years
China was forbidden to import arms and
the materials for making them.
Prohibition of hostility to foreigners: Chinese people
were permanently forbidden to form or join
any organisation hostile to the foreign powers;
officials who had supported the Boxers were
to be punished; and in towns where
incidents involving foreigners had occurred, the civil
and military examinations were suspended for five
years. The indemnity figure, 450 million taels,
was close to China''s population at the
time. Later on people said this was
"one tael per person".
Those four characters are not in the
treaty. Article 6 reads: "the indemnity to
be paid to the powers shall be
450 million taels of customs silver.
at four per cent a year,
the principal to be repaid by China
over thirty-nine years in instalments according to
the schedule annexed. " " One tael per person"
is a later interpretation of the relationship
between that sum and the population figure.
This street is still there today.
Dongjiaomin Xiang runs east from the inside
of Chongwenmen and west to the road along the east side of Tiananmen Square,
a little over fifteen hundred metres in
all. On 25 June 2001 the State Council listed
it as a fifth-batch Major Historical and
Cultural Site Protected at the National Level,
under the name "the Dongjiaomin Xiang legation
buildings", thirteen buildings in all.
Those buildings each have their own use
today: the former Yokohama Specie Bank is
the China Court Museum, the former National City
Bank is the Beijing Police Museum,
the former Japanese legation is the Beijing
Municipal People''s Government, and the former Russian
legation is the Supreme People''s Court.
Some names are gone.
The Grand Hôtel des Wagons-Lits, the Hongkong
and Shanghai Bank, Jardine Matheson, the German
legation — all demolished.
The North Cathedral is still there too,
in the same place, and still in
use. It did not begin there.
In the thirty-second year of Kangxi the
emperor fell ill with malaria; the French
Jesuit Jean-François Gerbillon brought cinchona bark,
and the emperor recovered.
The emperor granted him a plot of
land at Candi Kou, west of the
Central Lake, and a church was built
there. In the twelfth year of Guangxu,
when the three lakes of the Western
Garden were being repaired, the court took
that land back and allotted a new
site at Xishiku, and the new church
was completed in the fourteenth year of
Guangxu. The cathedral standing now is the
one rebuilt then. There is also a
stone arch in Zhongshan Park.
In 1901 the Qing government began a memorial
at the spot where von Ketteler was
killed, and it was completed in 1903
white marble, blue glazed tile roof,
four pillars, three bays, seven roof ridges.
In 1918, when the First World War ended,
China was on the winning side.
On 13 November President Xu Shichang ordered the
memorial demolished. The stone was taken down,
moved to the Central Park and reassembled,
the original wording cut away, and four
new characters carved: " Right prevails".
In 1952, when the Asian and Pacific Peace
Conference was held in Beijing, the arch
was renamed "the Peace Defence Arch",
the four characters written by Guo Moruo.
It is still in Zhongshan Park today,
inside the south gate.
Part of that indemnity came back later.
On 25 May 1908 the United States Congress passed
a resolution authorising the return of the
portion it judged to exceed actual losses;
President Roosevelt signed it on 28 December that
year. The return began on 1 January 1909.
In June 1909 the Bureau for Students to
America was set up; in August the
Qinghua Garden was handed to it as
a preparatory school for study in the
United States; in October the first group
of forty-seven students sailed.
In August 1910 a second group of seventy
left. In February 1911 the school moved into
the Qinghua Garden and was renamed " Qinghua
College"; on 29 April it formally opened.
Back to that street from the beginning.
After 1901, Dongjiaomin Xiang became a place where
Chinese people could not live.
The stone buildings on that street stayed
standing, and went through several rounds of
other uses. On 6 January 1950 the Beijing Military
Control Commission issued a proclamation taking back
the properties of the foreign barracks in
Beijing and requisitioning the barracks and other
buildings. That month the American, French and
Dutch barracks were handed over one after
another; in April the British barracks were
handed over as well.
From 1959 the foreign legations moved out to
the area beyond Jianguomen one by one.
The history of Dongjiaomin Xiang as a
legation quarter ended there.
Today it is the longest lane in
Beijing, with a main road at each
end.
The complete transcript, bibliography and further reading
for this film are at sylogs.com.
▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：China''s First Democracy Died in 60 Days. Here''s Who Killed It. (Shorts)