在順治帝第二年 — 1645 年 — 一份通知在北京張貼出來。自從那天張貼起， 各地都有許多人聚集在一起， 一致認為該事件是由於官員的怠惰造成的。
《神州大地》系列 總第 21 集：「They Put the Emperor Back on the Throne — for 12 Days (Shorts)」是本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。
順治二年 — 1645年 — 一份通知在北京張貼出來
自從張貼出來那天起，
北京城內的人和城外的人都有十天的時間把頭髮剃光。
在通知下站著八個字,
並不模糊。
留著頭髮，失去腦袋。
留著腦袋，失去頭髮。
一頭髮是多少值錢?
以前的電影都是把東西
可以在紙上畫的東西。
牆壁。軸線。街道圖。
條約的線條。
這一部是不同的。
這部電影中的東西在
地圖上找不到，也不見於任何條約中。
它從每個人出生
到死亡都存在。它持續了
兩百六十七年。
要了解那種秩序，先從容易被錯誤的東西開始：
這種辮子並不是清朝的發明。
剃去頭頂並留下一根尾髮，是北方草原民族共同的習俗。
烏桓人也這樣做。
鮮卑人、契丹人、女真人、蒙古人——所有這些民族都這樣做。
原因是實用：一根長髮會在騎乘時被抓住，戴上頭盔後髮也會感到很熱。
還有一種信念附加在這個習俗上。 在巫教實踐中，辮子是
靈魂的歸宿，是一個人的生命的一部分。如果一名士兵在遠離家鄉的戰場上犧牲，遺體無法運回家鄉，辮子就獨自被送回家鄉，並進行全套的葬儀禮。這種做法有個名字：
捨小辮 —— "送回小辮子"。因此，剃辮子的問題本身並不在於剃辮子。 清朝所做的就是
把一個習俗變成法律。
而且並不是一步到位的。在1644年，清朝佔領北京之年，下令一次
並在公共場合撤回，因為抵抗太激烈。在1645年它又回來了
，而且更加嚴厲。
文中設定了一個期限：
凡是住在京城內外的人
都必須在十天之內
徹底剃髮。
每一省，十天從那天
通知到達那裡。
這個字眼毫無含糊之處。
要避免它，抓緊你的頭髮
辯護一次 — 無任何寬恕。
有官員再提起這個事項
在奏折中提及 — 一律無情處置。
從那一天起，頭髮不再
是個味覺問題，也不再
是個道德問題。
它變成了一個政治類別。
誰是第二道命令的提案者?
記錄中只留下一個名字：孫志學。
一個來自山東的進士
明朝的人，到了清朝統治後
他投降清朝，進入宮廷任職。
當時庭院裡坐著兩排人，滿洲人和漢人。
為了表明自己的身份，孫中山把自己的頭髮剃光
，穿上滿洲服裝，然後走過去站在滿洲人的排隊中
。他們看到一個漢人，不願意讓他進來
。孫中山回到漢人的排隊中；
他們看到他穿的滿洲服裝，也不願意讓他進來
。
他既不站在清太后，也不站在順承皇后一方，他向多爾袞請求
發布剃髮令的許可。多爾袞同意了。十天的限期由此開始。 本文根據清朝作家王佳楨和他的《雁塔集》
所寫，該作品是當時人的作品，記錄了不是僅僅記錄命令來自哪裡，
而是如何從一個人的屈辱中長出來的。
然而，怨恨並不是政策。其他什麼東西把詔令放回桌子上。 清廷剛
坐定在北京。
邊疆尚未安定，
從皇位上來看，
還無法區分臣民與敵人。
髮型，無論如何都是
一目了然的跡象。
若果是跡象，
就必須能夠檢查。 這段描述的是
如何檢查的過程。
清代初期所定之法式為
「幣尾」：整個頭頂剃光，
留在頂部的金幣大小
一塊頭皮未剃，
綁成一條細尾，
垂掛在後背上，
細如老鼠尾巴。
那種打扮並不隨便
提及。 它有可衡量的標準：
剩下的 patch 必須
通過銅幣的正方形孔洞。
超過規格的 patch 可能會殺死你。
1651年，一個普通人丁全因為他 patch 大了，
留下來的 patch 不能通過銅幣的正方形孔洞，被砍頭了，
與他一起被處死的還有當地官員。
把標準設定在硬幣的孔洞大小，
且要能看得清楚：想要的不是美觀,
而是識別性。站在街上
你就能立刻看出誰
剃了頭，誰沒有，
誰留了太多。為什麼要這樣設計呢？
Not because it was handsome, and not
because it was ugly — because it was
a mark of loyalty you could check
at a glance and measure with a
ruler. That is the design.
There is one more thing about this
style that few people know: the Qing
itself changed it.Early on, it was
the coin-and-tail. By the middle of the
dynasty the patch had grown to the
size of a palm and the tail
had thickened into the pig-tail.
In the last few decades the front
was shaved and the back combed into
a heavy braid — which is the hairstyle
you see in Qing palace dramas today.
The evidence for this is hard.
In 1793, the artists travelling with the Macartney
embassy drew Chinese men of the Qianlong
reign. What they drew is still the
coin-and-tail. Not the version on television.
So: one and the same ancestral rule,
three different hairstyles in two hundred and
sixty-seven years. The braid in those pictures
belongs only to the last few decades
of its life.
The order went out.
Resistance followed. This passage gives both sides.
The sharpest case was Jiangyin, a county
town in the south, on the Yangtze.
In the sixth intercalary month of 1645,
the magistrate of Jiangyin restated the order.
Local gentry knelt to ask that they
be allowed to keep their hair.
They were shouted out of the room.
The next day, a scholar named Xu
Yong and others swore an oath in
front of the Confucian temple: my head
may be cut, my hair will not
be shaved.The townspeople put the registrar,
Chen Mingyu, in charge of the walls.
They held eighty-one days.
Couplets written by people inside the town
have been preserved, and so have their
plainer words: rather a ghost with hair
than a man with a shaved head.
After eighty-one days, the town fell.
What happened after the walls broke has
to be written out in full,
with both sets of numbers.
The defenders'' own record says that in
eighty-one days they killed more than seventy-five
thousand Qing soldiers; that more than sixty-seven
thousand of their own died on and
around the walls; and that after the
town fell the killing went on for
ten days without pause until the city
was emptied, with more than one hundred
and seventy thousand killed and fifty-three people,
old and young, left alive.
Those numbers are as the defending side
recorded them. They are placed here as
they stand. Elsewhere in the south that
same year: Jiading, for shaving resistance,
was put to the sword three times.
Its death toll is given differently in
different accounts — thirty thousand in one,
more than ten thousand in another.
Both are listed. After Kunshan was taken,
fifty-three people remained.The northern record reads
differently. Han settlers in Liaodong who would
not shave their heads walked into the
Yalu River. Pursued, the accounts say the
bodies stopped the water.
And the man who had proposed the
order, Sun Zhixie, has his own ending
in these same years.
In the autumn of 1646, an armed
force under Xie Qian rose in Shandong.
Sun Zhixie had just gone home in
glory. The force took him.
The accounts say holes were pricked over
his body, bristles pushed into them,
and he was beheaded and left in
the open street. Later, Pu Songling wrote
a story in Strange Tales from a
Chinese Studio about a man who steals
a duck and grows duck feathers,
and only loses them when the owner
curses him. Some readers have connected it
to Sun Zhixie.All of this is
what people at the time wrote down.
It is set out here.
So when did the order stop?
At the end of 1910 the Qing
government''s Advisory Council passed a resolution to
cut the braid. In 1912 the Republican government
issued a policy on cutting braids and
changing dress; after the revolution the Hubei
military government listed the braid among the
charges against the Qing and banned it.
The most striking scene comes on the
twelfth of February, 1912 — the day the
last emperor abdicated.The final regent,
Zai Feng, went home, picked up a
pair of scissors and cut off his
own braid. To his stunned household he
said: from today, I am an ordinary
subject. Inside the Forbidden City, Puyi did
not cut his until 1919, when his Scottish
tutor Johnston talked him into it.
And when the cutting began, plenty of
people did not want to.
One reason: the fear that a man
without a braid would be beheaded by
the authorities. Some tucked their braids up
inside their hats to look shaved.
Two hundred and sixty-seven years, one order
to the end. But when the order
went, what it left behind stayed.
Ask an old Beijinger today why you
do not get a haircut in the
first month of the lunar year,
and you will usually get one sentence:
a haircut in the first month kills
your mother''s brother. The most widely circulated
explanation is a pun: "kills your mother''s
brother" sounds like "thinking of the old."
Going a whole first month without a
haircut stands for going a whole year,
and the point was to remember the
previous dynasty and one''s ancestors.
The belief is superstitious.
It became a custom, and the custom
was handed down. One thing outlasted even
the custom, and it is still a
physical object in this city: the barber''s
carrying pole.To push the order through
quickly, the Qing court organised professional barbers and
issued them these poles.
A small cabinet hung at the back,
with a tall pole set upright and
the imperial notice — those who keep their
hair lose their heads — hung from it.
The carrying pole was red at one
end and blue-black at the other,
wrapped in leather: that was a beating
staff. There was an iron tool like
a large pair of tweezers, plucked to
make a ringing note, used together with
the shout of the eight characters from
the notice.Beyond the matting sheds set
up in the city, where passers-by were
made to go in and be shaved,
men were sent house to house through
the capital region to check.
You do not hear that ringing note
at the barber''s any more.
But next spring, when you hear those
five characters about the first month,
you can know where they came from.
They came out of a notice posted
in 1645, and they have walked three hundred
and eighty years into the way people
talk today.
One braid, for two hundred and sixty-seven
years.What it did best was not
to force everyone to wear the same
hair. It was to make obedience into
something visible, measurable, and shared out among
neighbours. It did not ask you to
agree. It asked you to comply.
And it ended simply: the order was
gone, and what was left was a
sentence. But the modern story of this
city is not finished.
With the braid cut, Beijing faced a
harder question — how does a three-thousand-year-old capital
become a modern one?
This is our reading, not the record
itself. The full transcript is at sylogs.com.
▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：They Put the Emperor Back on the Throne — for 12 Days (Shorts)