總第 24 集｜把自己派去守護的首都開火的軍隊 | 神州大地第 24 集

《神州大地》系列 總第 24 集：「An Army Turned Its Guns on the Capital It Was Sent to Defend | Shenzhou Dadi Episode 24」是本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。

記住一個名字：馮玉祥。在 1924 年的秋天，北京市裡，有兩道門被敲了敲 —— 當時幾乎是同一晚上，同一支部隊，從外面敲門。

背後一扇門

住著中華民國總統

曹錕

背後另一扇門住著

十八歲的年輕人

他的姓氏是

愛新覺羅氏

是最後一個還在紫禁城內的皇帝

兩扇門

一扇是總統府

一扇是皇宮

同樣的男人

同樣的槍

都打開了

兩扇門

在一夜之間，戰lord北方的天空翻轉過來。但在那之前，山海關的槍炮已經轟鳴了近一個月 ——前線的士兵仍在為生命而戰，而京城的後院卻在悄悄地、溫柔地被推翻了 那一夜要看清楚。 1924年10月23日清晨，曹錕仍然躺在床上，毫不知情：在城市之外，原本該向前進軍的部隊卻突然掉頭，漸漸摸索著進入北京。 在故宮內，十八歲的溥儀也沉沉睡去，

同樣毫無預知，在幾天後，持槍的士兵

會走進他的臥室，要求他搬離。同一晚間，一座城市，兩處戰場：一處在山海關的炮火中；

另一邊在床旁的首都

最銳利的畫面是兩件事情並排在一起

一邊是瀟海關閘樓的塵埃，三米被重型炮火削去

另一邊是靜靜的北京街道，軍隊一列切斷了電報線路，封鎖了消息，沒有開一槍，拿下了整個首都

前方

在流血。

後方的變更 —— 而且

這兩件事在同一天發生，前方的男人還不知道

這個插曲利用馮玉祥在北京發動政變的那一夜，

用來問一個大問題：槍炮決定誰坐上中南海，

這個國家是往前走了，還是只是轉了一圈

但別急著給那一夜貼上標籤

在表面上看起來像是各路軍閥之間的內鬥 — 但引發這場政變的關鍵點卻是個

小小的米粥。一個每天都吃的米粥，馮玉祥的部下在崗位上每天都吃的

這個米粥。為什麼一個叛將會因為一碗粥而被點燃呢？ 為了那一點，

我們必須從山海關的槍聲開始

要了解1924年，拉長焦距到

山海關，超越北京。記得前一集的故事 ——第一次直奉戰爭

1922年，張作霖帶領奉軍從山海關南下，被擊退七天之內，南方山海關以北。今年

張作霖是輸家。 輸贏者最記得 —— 二

年後，1924年9月，他回來了

這次他改名他的軍隊為「征服

軍」，自封為總司令，與

六個兵團，據說有17萬人，從

北京—奉天鐵路沿途進軍。 東北王已經回來了

這一次他來的是要結帳

但大戰並不是由張作霖或吳佩孚點燃的

而是兩個外人在江蘇和浙江

打響第一槍遠在江蘇和浙江

1924年9月3日，江浙戰爭在上海和南京爆發

江蘇的戚繼光和浙江的呂永祥因地盤之爭

打起來了。 一場地方

戰lord 爭執 — 然而這是觸發

北方全國

中國火藥桶的那場戰爭。 九月四日，張作霖電告說他將

「助力呂」 ，並以此為藉口

將軍隊通過山口。 九月十八日，第二次直隸-奉天戰爭

正式開始。 你看——在共和國裡，戰爭

很少是因為 A 想要打 B; 相反

更多的是 A 和 B 在角落打架，

把 C 和 D 都拖進來了

直隸省的回應是吳佩孚。 根據曹錕的

命令，他取得了"整理軍總司令"的頭銜

並與奉天軍隊在山海關、九關和石門寨進行激烈交戰，使用約二百萬的直隸軍隊。 這場戰役在規模上是前所未見：雙方都投入了陸、海、空三方面的力量。

馮天頌將240毫米重炮從旅順口外的堡壘拉下來安置在前線，武相則親自指揮前線，並甚至調來海軍。

七天的炮轟將山海關大門樓砍掉了三米。 這是戰爭中最殘酷，也是最現代化的正面衝突

然而當山海關的槍聲最響亮時，一個人並未站在最前線

他的名字是馮玉祥

他是直隸軍第三軍的司令

奉命從固北口出發，攻擊奉天的側翼

他的軍隊在實力上是最弱的；

他所佔據的位置最接近北京。吳佩孚

把這支相對弱小的部隊，放在最靠後的外圍圈子裡 — 這種安排，在事後看來，就像把刀交給對手一樣。馮玉祥和吳佩孚

早就有過一樁舊帳。這個舊帳說起來有點令人傷感。 馮玉祥和吳佩孚曾經是直系同盟者

但吳佩孚每次都會在他面前設限

拒絕他的職位，剝奪他的領土，延遲他的

薪水。1923年，曹錕打算任命馮玉祥為山東軍政長官

但吳佩孚的一個反對，馮玉祥的希望就化為泡影。 最後馮氏被調離河南，授予空虛的職位 —— "駐南苑的總督"。這個職位雖然聽起來很宏偉

但其實剝奪了他真正的權力: 沒有領土, 沒有薪水, 他的軍隊甚至不能發放糧食。南苑的士兵吃了什麼

一碗又一碗的稀薄的黏稠米粥。 一位真正擁有實兵的將軍，自己的上級一直以

削弱他的軍隊，直到整支軍隊都只剩下吃粥的份兒，馮玉祥終身難忘的那一碗稀飯，這個老帳賬將在他人生中以意想不到的方式被還清

此時此刻，另一層網路正在悄悄地被織成。 馮玉祥、張作霖、段祺瑞 — 三個立場不同、甚至相互不齒的男人

共同組成了「反直隸聯盟」

以反對直隸派和吳佩孚為共同點

段祺瑞，早年被吳佩孚在 1920 年打敗，無自己的軍隊，

又一次被擡出來作為招牌

馮玉祥是刺進直隸內的釘子

聯盟成立後，馮玉祥

從古北口出軍 — 名義上要打 Fengtian，實際上是一個在前方埋下的陷阱，等待著最佳時機

這個秘密盟約有一個頗為浪漫的細節

馮玉祥和黃郛同意了一個密碼

書；他們的秘密電報都被黃郛的妻子解密。 在一個時代，電報是一個命令，這本密碼書就是政變的密碼。黃復興後來寫下八個字：救國在於此，一切都取決於這一句話。這一句話讓一個軍閥的背叛聽起來像是一個正義的理由。無論是正義還是非正義，歷史從來都不在乎那些參與者自稱自己什麼。 它只看誰

之後付出了誰的代價

故事分出兩條路線。1924年，這塊土地上同時出現了兩個重大事件：一是北方山海關的槍聲，另一是在北京的倒戈政變； 另一方面，在南方的廣州市，也有一個組織在做著什麼事 —— 進行軍事培訓、組織集會、籌組新武裝力量

這個故事記錄的是北方支部；我們把南方支部擱置一旁，回到北京。 那座南方的房子里的人們的聲音在那時候已經很微弱

沒有人能夠想像出這條線將會在未來的幾十年間

慢慢地延伸到這塊土地的命運中。 The main stage of that

year was still the warlords, the guns, and that

one piece of constitutional law — the southern

branch we leave for another telling

Back to the north. The guns at Shanhai Pass

covered another move: a column of troops

quietly eyeing the back door of Beijing. On

the night of October 22, that move would

become a knife in the Zhili back — and on the

hilt of that knife was carved the grudge of a

bowl of millet porridge

The night of October 22, 1924. Feng Yuxiang''s

Third Army should have been fighting Fengtian

along the Gubeikou line. But that night he

made a decision: wheel around, return to

Beijing. His troops cut the telegraph wires

along the way, sealed the news, and slipped

toward the capital unknown to anyone. Inside

the city an accomplice was already in place

Sun Yue, deputy commander of the Beijing

garrison, opened the gate and let the column

in. Sun Yue was an old friend of Feng''s; and

the division sent to "watch" Feng, under Hu

Jingyi, turned and stood with Feng as well. You

see — in a coup, what matters most is seldom the

guns at the front, but the door at the rear

who holds the key to the city gate

In the small hours of October 23, Feng''s

troops entered Beijing. The garrison was still

asleep; the gate had already changed watch

That night, not a shot was fired in the

capital. Feng, Hu, and Sun jointly telegraphed

the nation for peace, and imprisoned President

Cao Kun in the Yanqing Pavilion of

Zhongnanhai. A president was lifted from his

bed before he understood what was happening

and the presidency was gone. The Cao Kun

roused from bed saw not staff officers but

armed guards — this time it was not the enemy

who broke into the city, but his own men who

handed the city to the enemy

We raised this army to defend the nation, not

to slaughter one another — a shame before the

world. Since the ninth year of the Republic

unnamed wars have risen again and again; the

fiercer the strife, the deeper the wound to

our people. If those in power had the least

conscience, they would bring peace and let the

people rest. Yet strife began in the southeast

and spread to the northeast, dragging the

whole nation''s armies into the field and the

bones of myriad commoners into the earth — for

what were they fighting, and for whom? Those

who began it could scarce answer. This year

floods and droughts leave famine across the

land; we have barely strength to survive, yet

they parade their might within our borders

What crime had our people, to suffer such

poison — calamity from heaven and man at once

We, groping through the night, could weep but

no tears fell; driven by conscience to the

cause of peace, on the twenty-third of the

tenth month we resolved to turn our troops

back, and with the armies under us form the

National Army of the Republic of China, sworn

to serve nation and people. Should any delight

in war and bring ruin upon our people and our

state, this army, to shorten the conflict, will

not shrink from taking up arms against them

Our whole force has now reached the capital

here where the legations of every friendly

power reside, order is paramount, and we shall

be responsible for its keeping. As for all

questions of political settlement, we ask the

worthy and learned of the nation to rise

without delay, to confer on remedies and open

a renewed beginning. As it is said, from great

hardship a state is born — perhaps in this. We

bow in expectation and await your counsel

Having taken Beijing, the first thing Feng

Yuxiang did was rename his troops — from "Zhili

Third Army" to "National Army," making himself

commander-in-chief and commander of the First

Army. The name must ring; the banner must be

upright — an old habit of the old armies: before

the merit is counted, first declare your side

to be the side of the "nation." A turncoat

general, with two words, reinvented himself

from "traitor" into "righteous army

The man who came to force Cao Kun''s

resignation after his imprisonment — who was he

A man named Wang Chengbin. You may not have

heard the name, but in 1923 it was Wang who

did the crucial deed — he "intercepted the train

and seized the seal," and with his own hands

lifted Cao Kun onto the presidency. That year

when Cao won the office by vote-buying, Wang

was the chief accomplice; a year later it was

Wang who walked into the presidential

residence and forced Cao to write his letter

of resignation. What did Cao Kun feel, seeing

him? Sour, sweet, bitter, hot — all churned

together. The same pair of hands that lifted

you up and pulled you down were the same pair

in this city the seat is never long held, and

whoever sits in it is the next to be asked

down

At this very moment, Wu Peifu at the Shanhai

Pass front still knew nothing. He was still

driving the Zhili forces against Fengtian

hoping Feng''s Third Army would outflank them

from the side. He did not know that the

outflanking" army had already wheeled around

behind his own back. One city had changed

hands; the front-line commander was still

waiting for reinforcements that would never

come — perhaps the coldest joke in military

history

The news reached Shanhai Pass on October 24

Only then did Wu Peifu see that his rear was

already gone. In front, Zhang Zuolin''s Fengtian

army pressed hard; behind, Feng Yuxiang''s

National Army had plundered the old nest

caught between front and rear, the Zhili

forces collapsed across the board. The

collapse was clean — not a lost battle, but the

whole board pulled out from underneath. Wu

Peifu was a fine fighter, yet for all his

calculations he never reckoned that the

house-guarding" Third Division had long been

sent to the front, while the real home, Beijing

was left to others

On November 2, Cao Kun was forced to resign

the presidency. Wu Peifu? He took his remnant

down to Tanggu and boarded a ship called the

Huajia, fleeing south by sea. A year before he

had been the "ever-victorious general" who beat

Zhang Zuolin; a year later he drifted out from

the same sea in disgrace. The Zhili dream of

unification by force" shattered in the

shellfire of Shanhai Pass, and in Feng

Yuxiang''s bowl of millet porridge. Beneath

that bowl lay too much accumulated coldness

Wu Peifu held two hundred thousand troops, yet

lost to a general shortchanged until his

whole army drank gruel; what he lost was never

the numbers, but the hearts of men

Feng Yuxiang took Beijing, but he dared not

and could not, swallow the fruit alone. On

November 3, another man stepped into the city

Zhang Zuolin, entering through the Zhengyang

Gate. Legend has it he wore a sable coat and

fur-lined boots, flanked by two thousand

Northeastern cavalry — "the Northeastern King

has come. " On the streets of Beijing someone

even posted a couplet, half-true half-false

The Northeast tiger crouches in Zhongnanhai

the Northwest wolf squats by the Forbidden

City" — the tiger was Zhang, the wolf was Feng

That couplet turned a solemn coup into farce

Yet farce or not, the chair of power stood

empty, and who would sit in it was not yet

decided

The Fengtian army won the battle; the National

Army grabbed the rear. Two victors stood

before the same empty chair. Neither would

yield to the other, yet neither dared kick the

other out — for whoever did would become the

next target. So they made a warlord''s choice

invite a man with no troops to sit in that

chair. That man was Duan Qirui

Now we open the second door — the Forbidden

City. Since Puyi''s abdication in 1912, a "little

court" had remained inside the palace: the

abdicated emperor still drew the annual

stipend promised by the Articles of Favorable

Treatment, the palace still kept eunuchs, maids

and an interior ministry, and behind closed

doors it went on calling him sovereign. Twelve

years like this. An emperor already abdicated

living in the imperial palace, kept alive by a

Republican treaty — the thing itself was a

fable of the age: the old would not leave; the

new invited it to sit a while longer. And this

year Puyi was only eighteen — two years before

in the winter of 1922, he had just married

Empress Wanrong and Consort Wenxiu; the

wedding awning in the Forbidden City was

hardly taken down, the smell of firecrackers

barely faded. An eighteen-year-old bridegroom

living in someone else''s house, guarding a

favorable treatment" granted by others — this

marriage, from the start, was a celebration

with no foundation

On November 5, 1924, the fable was cut short

with one stroke. Feng Yuxiang''s National Army

sent a general named Lu Zhonglin with forty

policemen, twenty soldiers, and two trucks into

the Forbidden City, delivering a document — the

revised Articles of Favorable Treatment

demanding that Puyi move out that very day

How long? Accounts differ: two hours, some say

three, others. An eighteen-year-old young man

was told: today you must leave the home you

had lived in for nineteen years. Lu Zhonglin

even slapped his watch on the table and

counted down

1. The Xuantong Emperor of the Great Qing

shall from this day be forever stripped of

the imperial title, and shall enjoy with the

citizens of the Republic all rights equal

before the law. 2. From the revision of these

articles, the government of the Republic shall

each year grant the Qing house a household

stipend of five hundred thousand yuan, and

shall specially expend two million yuan to

establish a Beijing workshop for the poor

giving prior place to the impoverished

bannermen. 3. The Qing house shall, from this

day, remove from the Forbidden City; it may

thereafter choose its own place of residence

and the Republic remains responsible for its

protection. 4. The temples and tombs of the

Qing house shall be forever maintained with

sacrifice, and the Republic shall set guards

for their protection. 5. All the private

property of the Qing house remains wholly its

own, which the Republic shall specially

protect; all its public property shall belong

to the government of the Republic

The move could have been simple, but a string

of small incidents made it harrowing. Puyi''s

tutor Shao Ying came out to bargain: first

three months, then one month, then ten days — Lu

Zhonglin lost patience and snapped: if you

don''t leave today, I''ll pull my troops away

can you answer for the trouble that follows

At three in the afternoon Lu even shouted to

his battalion commander: don''t fire from

Jingshan yet! — a slip that gave away the truth

behind the "deadline" lurked the threat "move or

we use force. " An eighteen-year-old emperor and

a band of armed men, haggling in a palace

centuries old over the hour by which he must

go

The moment Puyi was notified, he tried to call

someone — Johnston, or his father Zaifeng — but

the telephone lines had already been cut

Inside the palace, the two dowager concubines

Jingyi and Ronghui, hearing of the move

declared they would rather throw themselves

down a well than leave the palace. His father

Zaifeng was let in; his lips trembled for a

long while and out came only four words: "Obey

the decree, obey the decree." A father could

give his son no help at that moment — only obey

the decree. Puyi had known since childhood

that he was a symbol kept under "favorable

treatment"; but the day the symbol was taken

down, he found he hadn''t even the right to

make a phone call

What Puyi finally handed over were two seals

the "Emperor''s Seal" and the "Xuantong Treasure

These two seals marked the end, in the last

room of the Forbidden City, of the Aisin-Gioro

house that had stretched two hundred and

eighty years. More than four hundred and

seventy eunuchs and over a hundred maids were

dismissed, each given ten (eunuchs) or eight

maids) silver dollars; with the money in hand

they walked out the palace gate. The tail of a

dynasty was thus gently closed by a few

soldiers, with one document and a few cloth

bags of coins

It is ironic. The one angriest at Puyi''s

expulsion was not a Republican general, but

another warlord — Zhang Zuolin. The Northeastern

King, who had just entered Beijing riding the

Northwest wolf" couplet, flew into a rage when

he heard Puyi had been driven from the palace

he swore, and at once sent someone to mediate

demanding the "restoration of the imperial

treatment." But Puyi, instead, slipped into the

Japanese legation. Zhang, hearing this, said

with displeasure: "Do you not trust me, Zhang

Zuolin?" A expulsion, it turned out, planted a

rift between the two victors. In the eyes of a

king" like Zhang, an emperor could be abolished

but not by someone else — the rules of that

chair had to be set by men like him, not

snatched first by a turncoat general

Why does this step deserve a whole act

Because what it severed was not merely Puyi''s

dwelling, but the last lawful wisp of a

monarchy two thousand years old. From the

First Emperor to Xuantong, the emperor''s seal

was, for the first time, utterly voided in

Republican law. An eighteen-year-old young man

asked to leave the home he''d lived in for

nineteen years — and this step, China had waited

more than two thousand years for. This act

takes it as its positive pivot: not to glorify

anyone, but to lay the thing itself bare — the

old, at last, agreed to leave

Having seen off the emperor, it was the

premier''s turn. On November 24, Duan Qirui took

the post of "Provisional Chief Executive," with

his executive government at Tieshizi Hutong

today No. 3 Zhangzizhong Road). The post had no

presidential title, yet held real power; and

Duan, the old leader broken by Wu two years

before and left with no army, was once again

pushed to the center of power. The two victors

neither willing to swallow it alone, invited a

man with no troops to be the "face. " The rule of

the warlord north showed itself again: the

rivers and mountains won by the gun must in

the end be stamped by a man who holds the pen

The new order was a triangle: the Fengtian

clique under Zhang Zuolin, dominant; Feng

Yuxiang''s National Army holding the capital

region; Duan Qirui as the "face. " Territory was

redistributed — Zhili went to Li Jinglin

Shandong to Zhang Zongchang, Jiangsu to Yang

Yuting, Anhui to Jiang Dengxuan, and Chahar

remained in Feng''s hands. A coup bought not

the unification of China but a fresh carve-up

among these few. This order carried its own

fragility in its very name: three men, each

with his own calculus, none trusting the other

The southern branch we set aside earlier — that

band of men in Guangzhou also moved now. The

man who issued the "Manifesto for the Northern

Expedition" accepted the invitation of Feng

and Duan to go north and "deliberate on the

affairs of state" — he set out from Guangzhou

detoured through Japan, and finally reached

Beijing. And in Guangzhou, the men drilling

troops and holding rallies were still

assembling. Two threads, one open one hidden

both looking north: the flag on Beijing''s wall

had changed, and the southern branch turned

its gaze to this city. This branch we do not

detail here; we leave it for the next telling

Duan Qirui was back, Puyi was gone, Zhang

Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang each with his own

thoughts. The flag on Beijing''s wall had

changed. But how long could this new flag fly

The new order the three built was like a bow

drawn taut — Feng and Zhang already guarded

against each other; Zhang, angered by Puyi''s

expulsion, already bore a grudge against Feng

The bowstring could snap at any moment

That night, Beijing''s wall changed its flag. A

hundred years on, some things remain. The

Shenwu Gate of the Forbidden City — you can

still see it today; it is the gate Puyi was

asked out of. No. 3 Zhangzizhong Road still

stands with the old executive-government main

building, now the campus of another school. The

Zhengyang Gate, the tower Zhang Zuolin entered

through, still stands. Three real sites string

together that night — if you go to Beijing and

stand before the Shenwu Gate, you can picture

the backward glance of that eighteen-year-old

as he was asked out

Back to Duan Qirui. This key figure, raised up

in earlier episodes but never given his exit

is at last closed out here. He returned to

power with the title "Provisional Chief

Executive," yet he was a "face" with no army — the

real guns lay in Zhang''s Fengtian army and

Feng''s National Army. This fragile balance

held less than a year and a half. On

March 18, 1926, guards of the executive

government fired on demonstrating students

and citizens before his own government gate

the March 18th Massacre; that shot destroyed

the last of his "Founder of the Republic

reputation, and the nation rose in

condemnation. But what truly pulled him down

was not the shot itself — after the guns

sounded, Feng''s National Army and Zhang''s

Fengtian army turned on each other, and the

military balance in Beijing tipped wholly to

the Fengtian side; on April 20, Duan, "escorted

by the National Army general Lu Zhonglin, fled

Beijing in panic to the foreign concessions

of Tianjin, and never returned to the center

of power. A strongman who had once

reconstructed the Republic" ended with his

name ruined by a massacre and his seat lost

to a mutiny — this is the most common ending

for a warlord figure: he rose by the gun, and

often fell by it too

This episode leaves you three things to take

away. What to like: the night Puyi left the

palace — a young man asked out of the home he''d

lived in for nineteen years, and this step

China had awaited more than two thousand

years. What to pity: the soldiers at Shanhai

Pass still fighting for their lives while

Beijing had already changed hands — the blood

at the front bought the knife at the rear

What to help with: stand a while at the Shenwu

Gate of the Forbidden City, then go see No. 3

Zhangzizhong Road, that old executive

government — one night, two doors, witnessing the

same changing of the sky

The story splits two ways: one, the flag

changed on Beijing''s wall and the

Northeastern cavalry have not yet dispersed

the other, the southern branch drilling new

troops has also set out. This episode records

the northern branch — the southern branch we

leave for the next telling. Which way, in the

end, will this country go? We take it up next

time

▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：An Army Turned Its Guns on the Capital It Was Sent to Defend | Shenzhou Dadi Episode 24