為什麼張作霖要處死李大釗？ | 神州大地第27集

《為什麼張作霖要殺李達超？》| 《神州大地》第27集

《神州大地》是一個電視節目。下面是這個節目的完整文本轉錄 — 依照原文逐字朗誦，或訪問視頻頁面觀看影片。

張作霖 — 為什麼要殺李達超？

為什麼一個從土匪起家到身為國家最高領袖的軍閥要下令處死一名北京大學教授呢?

1926年春天，段祺瑞的政府在一場兵變中倒台，東北的那位被稱為「東北王」的張作霖進入了政壇的空白。 然而在他权力达到顶峰的那一刻，他下了一道令全世界震惊的命令：派军队进攻外交使馆区，逮捕一位大学教授。半年后，张自己就死了——死于日本军官在铁路桥下埋下的炸弹。胆敢袭击外国使馆的强人。 為什麼他不能躲開鄰居的硝磺包裹?

要知道這個故事的結局，必須回到 1926 年的春天。上一集中遇到的段祺瑞剛剛在一次政變中失去席位，退居天津租界的一座西式別墅。同時在那樣的天空下，另一位東北人接過了重擔——張作霖。一個下台；一個上台。 而這場北洋時代的最後一幕就落在了他的手中。但當時沒有人想像這場戲會以爆炸作結。

先說說這個人自己。戰lord 中，張學良算是少見的 — 他繼承了老強人的習慣：六位妻妾，從第一任妻子趙恆儀開始，充滿奉天將軍衙門。 （註：原文未有提供最後一句的完整翻譯） 他嗜吸鴉片，儘管大多數人認為他能夠控制住。然而，這個粗暴出身、多妻的軍人對於學者卻抱有異乎尋常的尊敬之情，他想建立工業，推廣教育。與他見面的人都寫道，他是個矮小的男人，眼睛明亮、神采奕奕，身體精瘦——一個能夠像學者一樣溫和的軍人。 即使是早年與他有所接觸的日本人，私下間也會咕哝著：他不是一位「蓄著胸前的鬍子的大盜首」，而是一位柔和的男子，女人一眼望去就會多看他一眼。

然而，這樣的人的起源卻是在深林之中。1875年出生於遼寧省海城，年輕時曾擔任軍人，甚至一度成為「胡子」——東北林中的山賊。 然後他接受了清朝的赦免，逐步晉升從巡防營的小將軍到三東省總督。到1918年，他在那個軍事肖像中，已經掌控了全部三個東北省——而這就是「東北王」這個頭銜的由來。 從綠林到省級大亨：這一攀升花了他二十多年。

但東北從來就不是容易掌控的地方。北面是俄羅斯，南面是日本兩國都垂涎欲滴這塊黑土。 1904年至1905年的俄日戰爭中，張之洞在兩大強國之間搖擺不定：既不完全投靠其中一方，也不完全失去對另一方的控制。 那種完全不依靠任何人的本事，讓他活了下來 —— 還能夠茁壯成長。 但最後那道裂縫，依舊是一道裂縫。

張的根據地在奉天 —— 現今的沈陽。這座城市是南滿鐵路的樞紐，和關東的中心。俄國興建的鐵路線和日本租借的土地，把它切割成了各種不同圈層的 patchwork。 這座城市的中心處，張建造了自己的統領府——張家大院，至今仍然矗立在沈陽市中心。一個來自森林邊緣的男人所建造的豪宅，與鐵路和租界別墅共享著一片天地。 而這座城市本身，早在張之前的三個世紀，已經是「一個王朝的故里，兩個朝廷的都城」——更多的內容將在後面提及。

1926年，張學良打敗馮玉祥，北洋政府的實權由奉系接手。隔年六月十八日，1927年，張學良在中南海懷仁堂就職為「大元帥」，創立了安國軍政府。他是北洋政府最後一任領袖。 當他上任的第一天，他就宣佈了他的目標 —— 但誰也沒有料到，他所坐的這個位子，才坐了不到一年的時間。

他搬入的新居是中南海。如今的北京，中南海已經對外閉門，但在當年的時期，袁世凱、黎元洪、馮國璋、徐世昌、曹錕、段祺瑞都曾經把它當作總統官邸使用。 張居住在聚賢院 —— 這座院落最後一次作為國家中心地帶。一個園子，接著一個接著的高手；最後一個是這位「東北大元帥」。

然而這位「東北大元帥」沒有獲得榮譽。控制他的領土不過是幾個北方省份； 在南方, 南京政府早已在自己势力范围内建立了自己的势力, 他讲到 ''惩罚红军'', 但他的奉天军队, 受到南方、西北和山西、绥远联军的联合进攻, 一仗接着一仗的失败。 到了1928年春天, 北京已被包围在三面之内。 一名男子從森林步行至國家元首所在地，坐在中南海，發現座位遠遠熱於他想像中。他在這一年裡面對最大的困難時，卻做了一件讓所有人都傻眼的事情——他下令將部隊進入外交使館區，捕捉了一位大學教授。
    說到北京：中南海的位置是北京的最新外衣。 回溯來看，城市最為聞名的牌子是紫禁城，也被稱為紫禁城。明永樂帝奪取皇位後，他決定將首都遷至北京，並開始興建紫禁城，於1420年竣工。近五百年來，二十四位明清皇帝在這堵紅牆和黃瓦之間坐朝。

1987年它被列為世界遺產 —— 一個濃縮了五千年的中華文明的展覽。今天來到北京，皇城是你來不了的第一站。

然後就是長城。北京周圍，八達嶺、居庸關、慈雲寺、箭扣、慈壽寺 —— 一節節。

大牆並非由一朝一代所建造：自公元前3世紀至公元17世紀，相繼的朝代修復並擴建了超過兩千年的長城，東起河北的山海關，西至甘肅的嘉峪關，總計超過二十萬公里。在1987年，它成為了世界遺產。 有個老話,「未曾登上長城,便不算真正的男人」-- 來北京不看長城,就等於錯過了重點。

還有天壇,這裡是明清兩朝皇帝每年向天地獻祭,祈求豐收。 1998年被列為世界遺產，世界上最大的祭祀建築群。 祈年殿、太和殿、圓明園壇——南邊的牆是方形，北邊的牆是圓形，象徵「天圓地方」。 有比紫禁城還大的天地之靈聖地，位於城南，到今天仍是市民的散步地。

往西進入郊區就是夏宮 —— 前稱清澄波園，始建於乾隆帝1750年，圍繞壽山和昆明湖，代表中國古典園林的典範，也是1998年世界遺產之一。 往北, 明十三陵,始建於1409年,坐落在天壽山脚下,共埋葬十三位明帝王,是目前保存最完整的明代皇家陵寝之一,2003年被列入世界遺產。還有就是故宮,曾被譽為「花園之園」,但如今只剩下破碎的牆壁。它說不出什麼,但每個站在它遺址前的觀者,都會從中讀出那段痛苦的歷史。 從明朝到清朝，直到現代時代，一層一層地堆積起來 —— 張的 安國軍 政府只是最新的頁子加上去而已。

北京的層次不僅僅如此。明孝陵聚集了十三位皇帝在天壽山下，帝王葬祭的規模罕見；而老夏宮雖然被摧毀了，仍然映襯著相同的天空。 一座曾經擁有明清兩朝宮廷，後來接受東北強人作為最後一位皇朝統治者的城市 -- 張的政府只是這座古老建築的最新租客。

現在，讓我們回到這個故事的核心。1927年4月6日黎明之前，奉天軍隊和警察包圍了北京外交使館區的蘇聯大使館 -- 更精確地說，是它旁邊的舊俄羅斯兵營。 那天，張政府逮捕了李大釗，還有他的家人，以及在那裡找到庇護的國民黨工人、共產黨工人和蘇聯人員——一共數十人。

李大釗，字壽昌，生於1889年，河北樂亭。北京大學教授，死於三十八歲。他是這一事件的導火線人物。 我們不會在他的黨派或教義上停留；我們只會追蹤他在這一事件中所發生的情況，並把更大的故事留給記錄。

張政府為了突襲發表了一個公開的理由：蘇聯大使館和舊俄軍營已經很久以來被共產國際和中國共產黨作為基地，隱藏武器和宣傳，努力顛覆它的統治。 該突襲行動揭發了大量文件、電報和會議記錄；北洋政府後來將其發表為《蘇聯陰謀證據集編》。 這些資料表明李大釗和其他人接收了蘇聯的資金和指示，並根據共產國際線路組織工人和農民運動； 在他被捕後，李在法庭上和媒體中承認自己傳播共產主義和與蘇聯的聯繫。 4月28日，李和十九名其他人在北京市看守所被審判並被吊死，他當時只有38歲。 在他死亡前的最後一張照片中，他的表情是平靜的。 我們把可證實的記錄呈現出來 —— 並把判斷留給您。

The irony sits right here: Zhang was the strongman who sent troops into an embassy, yet stories say he held a certain respect for Peking University and for education -- a contradiction within the man of the sword. And precisely in the years he held power, the newspapers of Beijing and Shanghai went on criticizing the government; the ''inclusiveness'' that Beida was known for still stood even under military rule. A regime that dared storm an embassy still tolerated a press that cursed even the Grand Marshal -- that looseness in itself is something worth noticing.

In June 1928, the Northern Expedition surrounded Beijing on three sides, and Zhang could hold no longer; he decided to retreat to the northeast. In the early hours of June 3, he left Qianmen Station by special train. The next morning, a little after five, as the train reached Huanggutun in Shenyang, beneath the triple-arch bridge where the Jingfeng Railway crosses the South Manchuria Railway, a tremendous blast -- the bridge collapsed, and his private car was blown to pieces. Zhang was gravely wounded and died that same day. Wu Junsheng, the military governor of Heilongjiang, who rode in the same train, was killed on the spot.

The explosion and the wreck of his car -- this is the moment the cameras caught. But who set the charge? The accounts do not agree, and we lay out both.

One account points to the Kwantung Army: Kawamoto Daisaku, a Japanese officer later tried as a war criminal, confessed that the Kwantung Army had planted the explosives beneath the bridge to remove this ''rely-on-no-one'' Northeast King. Another account was the official Japanese line at the time, claiming it was a ''train derailment.'' We present both. The photograph of the explosion caught in that instant already says a great deal -- for who, at the very moment of the blast, could happen to press the shutter?

After the incident, Zhang''s son Zhang Xueliang made a startling decision: he kept the death secret. The commander''s mansion kept up the pretense that the ''Grand Marshal was fine,'' deceiving the Japanese. Only after more than half a month, when Zhang Xueliang had returned to Fengtian and steadied the northeast, was the death formally announced. For those two weeks, the power of the northeast hung by a single hair. Zhang''s last words to those around him: hurry Xueliang back, and put the country above all else. All his life he had maneuvered between Russia and Japan, never fully relying on either, never quite offending either to death. He seems to have carried one ledger always: the northeast must not fall into foreign hands. He did not finish that ledger before he fell beneath that bridge. Today in Shenyang, the triple-arch bridge at Huanggutun no longer looks as it did -- but a monument marks where the railways cross, a spot made concrete enough to take the breath.

Having come this far, you may wonder: are these places still there? They are. Start with the Zhang Family Mansion in Shenyang, just south of the Shenyang Imperial Palace -- a national key cultural relic and a 4A scenic spot; that is the Republican trace. But the city itself, three centuries before Zhang, was ''the birthplace of one dynasty and the capital of two.'' In 1625, Nurhaci built the Shenyang Imperial Palace here; Hong Taiji finished it. Together with the Forbidden City in Beijing, it is one of only two complete royal palace complexes surviving in China -- inscribed as an extension of the Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing in 2004. The Shenyang palace has a feature found nowhere else: the Manchu ''palace high, hall low.'' The Da Zheng Hall and the Ten Kings'' Pavilions stand in a row; the Wen Su Ge once housed the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. To visit Shenyang, this ''Forbidden City beyond the pass'' is a stop you cannot skip.

The Zhang Family Mansion -- the Daqing Tower within it -- sits right beside the imperial palace. A Republican building raised by a greenwood man, sharing one city with the Qing dragon''s rise. A mansion and a palace, a few streets apart, tell the same Shenyang story from two centuries.

Outside Shenyang lie two founding emperors. The North Tomb -- the Zhao Mausoleum -- is the tomb of Hong Taiji and Empress Xiaoduanwen, begun in 1643; it is a model of Qing imperial tomb joined with modern garden, its stone spirit way stretching in solemn ranks, and today it is Beiling Park right inside the city. The East Tomb -- the Fu Mausoleum -- holds Nurhaci and Empress Yehe Nara, built from 1629 to 1651; up its spirit way run one hundred and eight steps, the ''one hundred and eight rises,'' a living specimen of Jurchen burial custom. With the Yongling Mausoleum at Xinbin near Fushun, they are called the ''Three Mausoleums of Shengjing.'' One Fengtian city keeps the dragon''s rise of the Qing laid whole beneath the ground.

The East Tomb of Nurhaci, with its one hundred and eight stone steps, and the North Tomb of Hong Taiji, with its long avenue of stone figures, anchor the Qing''s northeastern origins. Together with Yongling, the ''Three Mausoleums of Shengjing'' turn Shenyang into an open textbook of the dynasty that would rule China for nearly three hundred years.

Go back further still, to prehistory. The Xinle site in the northern suburbs of Shenyang is a Neolithic matriarchal village settlement more than seven thousand two hundred years old. Stone tools and pottery have been unearthed there, and a wood-carved bird -- the oldest precious artifact excavated in the Shenyang area, and one of the world''s oldest surviving wood-carving crafts. See: from a Neolithic village seven thousand years ago, to the Qing dragon''s rise, to Zhang''s Republican mansion, Shenyang stacks the whole timeline of the northeast onto one patch of ground. Zhang''s mansion is only the newest layer.

Enough of sights -- let''s talk of eating and living. The northeast has an old saying almost every local has heard: ''Guan Dong has three treasures -- ginseng, sable, and wulacao grass.'' That is the old trio. As times changed, the people made a new trio: ''ginseng, sable, and deer antler'' -- swapping wulacao for antler. Why the swap? Because wulacao was an old cold-weather grass; once industrial cotton shoes arrived, it stepped aside, while antler became a more valuable medicine. The shift of one saying is itself a chapter of economic history. Ginseng, the locals call it ''bangchui''; the ''fangshan'' who gather it tie the root with a red string for fear it ''runs,'' then dig it with care -- a craft of reverence for nature, listed as provincial intangible heritage.

The northeast''s customs were also summed up as the ''Eight Oddities,'' each a real scene of daily life: first, ''paste window paper on the outside'' -- to keep winter window frames from soaking and cracking; second, ''girls with pipes'' -- rural life was dull, and girls smoked dry tobacco for relief; third, ''wear the fur coat reversed, fur out'' -- among the three treasures, sable worn fur-out blocks the wind; fourth, ''raise the child by hanging'' -- the cradle hangs from the beam, called a ''youche''; fifth, ''a jin and a half of liquor shows no stranger'' -- strong drink against the cold and warm hospitality; sixth, ''cotton wula shoes on the feet'' -- the wula boots; seventh, ''eat no fresh vegetables but pickled'' -- cabbage won''t keep through winter, so northeasterners invented pickling; eighth, ''everyone loves errenzhuan'' -- which leads to the next.

Errenzhuan is a folk art native to the northeast. The common view is that it arose during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing, born from the northeastern yangge dance -- by day the yangge wasn''t enough, so at night farmers invited the best-looking, best-dancing pair indoors; the space was too small to dance, so they worked on singing and dialogue, singing local tunes and little operas -- and that was the embryo of errenzhuan. The ''Peidu Jilue,'' printed during the Tongzhi reign, already records it, then called ''bengbeng.'' Northeasterners have a fierce saying: ''rather skip a meal than miss errenzhuan. '' Yet from the Qing through the Republic and beyond, almost every dynasty''s government banned it, on grounds of ''corrupting morals'' -- a thing born in the greenwood and raised in the rivers and lakes always walks the tightrope between the vulgar and the refined.

On food: three things run through a northeasterner''s days -- pickled cabbage, barbecue, and the bathhouse. Pickled cabbage is the landing of that ''eat no fresh vegetables'' oddity -- a jar of suancai is a northeasterner''s confidence through winter; pork-with-pickle stew, suancai with pork belly, suancai dumplings, every home makes them. Barbecue needs no saying: ''a big gold chain and a small watch, three meals a day of little barbecues'' is a joke, yet it points to barbecue''s weight in the northeastern table. And the bathhouse -- from the old public bath to today''s bath centers, rinse, soak, steam, scrub, wash, all in one -- a memory unique to every northeasterner. Add the guan dong brotherhood of the roadside inn and the bandit camp, and the human warmth of the northeast, sharing one city with the Zhang mansion''s villa, a few streets apart. Young people now joke that the ''new three treasures'' are skewers, bathhouses, and mahjong, self-mocking as ''heavy industry barbecue, light industry microphone'' -- a joke it may be, but power comes and goes, while craft and flavor remain.

What did the northeast live on? Zhang''s Northeast Kingdom rested on resources: soybeans, sorghum, timber, coal and iron, furs -- the white mountains and black waters were a granary and a mineral storehouse. With the Manchurian railway open, goods and people moved faster; Zhang himself built industry and promoted education, meaning to run this black-soil land as his own independent kingdom. Come to the northeast today, and equipment manufacturing, grain bases, and port logistics are, at bottom, the continuation of that same resource logic. And the old saying of ''ginseng, sable, and wulacao grass'' remains, to this day, the first calling card this black soil offers the world.

From the Forbidden City to the Great Wall, from the Shenyang Imperial Palace to the tombs of the Qing founders, from the seven-thousand-year-old Xinle site to the bridge at Huanggutun -- Beijing and Shenyang hold layer upon layer of time. Zhang Zuolin''s mansion is only the newest layer laid down. A man who walked from the greenwood to the head of state now rests among these places, and within the layered time of these cities.

Zhang Zuolin died; Zhang Xueliang succeeded him, and by year''s end the northeast pledged allegiance to the central government -- but that is a later story. The real sites remain today: Zhongnanhai in Beijing, the Zhang Family Mansion in Shenyang, the bridge at Huanggutun outside Shenyang; and older than all of them -- the Forbidden City and the Wall in Beijing, the Shenyang palace, the North and East Tombs, the Xinle site. A man who walked from the greenwood to the head of state left his mark among these places, and within the layered time of these cities.

The last head of state of Beiyang bowed out -- yet this land''s story never truly ends.

→ Watch this episode (with footage and maps): Why Did Zhang Zuolin Order Li Dazhao''s Execution? | Shenzhou Dadi Episode 27