一位盜匪總統、一位被擄的教授和一場致命爆炸 | 深航大地Ep27（短片）

“盜匪總統、被捕教授和致命爆炸 | 神州大地第27集（短篇）”是一集神州大地（《神州大地》）的節目。以下是本集完整的文字稿，點擊影片頁可以與影片一起觀看。

張作霖 — 為什麼他下令殺死李大釗？

為什麼一個從土匪起家到當國家元首的軍閥會下令處死一名北京大學教授呢?

1926年春天，段祺瑞的政府在兵變中倒台，東北的一個男人——被人稱為「東北王」的張作霖——趁機進入了權力空白的時期。 然而在他權力達到頂峰的時刻，他下了一個讓所有人都傻眼的命令：派兵進入外交使館區域，擄走一名大學教授。 一年多後，張本人就死了——被日本官員在鐵路橋下埋下的炸藥炸死了。 一個敢於進攻外國大使館的強人。 為什麼他不能躲過一個鄰居的火藥包?

要知道這是怎麼結束的，我們必須回去看1926年的春天。上集我們遇到的段祺瑞剛剛失去了權力，退居天津租界的一座洋房中。同時，在天津的同一天空下，另一個來自東北的男人接過了這個重擔——張作霖。一個下台；另一個上台。 而最終的北洋時代的最後一幕便落入他的手中。但當時沒有人想過這一幕將會以一聲巨響而結束。

讓我們先來了解這個人本身吧。在那些軍閥中，張學良堪稱不例外，他仍然保留著老式軍閥的習慣：從第一任妻子趙崇桂開始，他便擁有六位妻妾，充斥著奉天軍區司令的府邸。 他嗜吸鴉片，但多數人認為他能夠控制得比較好。然而這位粗鄙出身、多妻的軍人對於學者卻抱有非凡的尊敬之意，他想要建立工業和推動教育。那些曾經見過他的人都說他相當矮小，眼神明亮、犀利，同時也充滿著細膩的敏感性 —— 這是一名軍人，卻能夠顯得如同學者一般溫和。 即使是與他早期接觸的日本人私下都會低聲說：這不是個「鬍鬚長到胸口的土匪首領」，而是一個口齒清晰的男人，女人可能會兩眼相看一眼。 然而，這是個源自深山的男人。他出生於1875年，在奉天省海城出世，年輕時曾經做過士兵，甚至一度成為「胡子」——東北林地的土匪。 然後他接受了清朝的赦免，逐步從巡警營的小小將領晉升為三東省總督。到1918年，他在那個軍事肖像中，已經掌控了三個東北省份——這就是他得名為「東北王」的原因。 從綠林到省級大亨：他爬上這個山頭，花了二十多年時間。

但東北從來不容易守住。北邊是俄國，南邊是日本，兩國都對這塊黑土垂涎三尺。在1904年至1905年的日俄戰爭中，張作霖在兩大勢力之間走動：既不完全投靠其中一方，也不完全被其中一方所敗。 那種完全不依靠別人的本領，才使他活下來 -- 還讓他茁壯成長。但最後，仍是個裂縫。

張的根基是奉天 -- 今天的瀋陽。這座城市是南滿鐵路的樞紐，也是關東的中心；俄國興建的鐵路和日本租借的土地，將其切割成一個複雜的多角形。 在這座城市的中心，張建造了自己的司令部別墅——張家別墅，仍然立在今aday的沈陽市中心。由一名林下人建造的別墅與鐵路和租界別墅共享同一片天地。城市本身也曾經，在張建造別墅之前的三個世紀，被譽為「一朝之故都，二朝之發祥地」——更多內容將在下文中提及。

1926年張學良擊敗馮玉祥，北洋政府真正的實權轉移到奉系手中。翌年，1927年6月18日，他在中南海華蓀堂擔任「陸海大元帥」，創建了安國軍政府。他是北洋政府最後一任領導人。 他上任的第一天就宣布了他的目标 --
誰能想到他坐上的這個位子不到一年的時間就會被取代?

他搬進去的這座大宅是中南海。現代北京的中南海已經封閉對外參觀，但在當年的時候，袁世凱、黎元洪、馮國璋、徐世昌、曹錕、段祺瑞都曾在這裡居住過。 張曾住在聚賢堂 -- 最後一次這個庭院作為國家的權力中心。 一個花園，一個又一個的名師; 而最後一個是這位從東北來的 "大將軍" 。

然而，這位 "大將軍" 的榮耀也只是虛幻的。 他所控制的領土，甚至不過是幾個北方省份； 在南方,南京政府已經在自己的一個灶台上煮著鍋。 他說著要"懲罰紅軍",但他的奉天軍隊,在南方、西北和晉陝兩個軍隊的聯合進攻下,失利連連。 到了1928年的春天,北京市被三面圍困。 一位走出青山到紫禁城的男人坐在中南海里發現座位比他想像的要熱得多。 而在他面臨最大的困難的一年，他做了一件讓每個人都傻眼的事情 — 他把軍隊派進了外交使館區，抓了位大學教授。

說到北京：中南海的這座建築只是北京的新皮膚。 回想起來，這座城市最著名的牌匾是紫禁城，也就是被稱為紫禁城的牌匾。明永樂帝當時篡奪了皇位，他決定將首都遷移到北京，開始建造紫禁城，於1420年完工。有近五百年，明清二十四位皇帝都在這座紅牆黃瓦的紫禁城中坐鎮。 在 1987 年，為世界遺產 -- 五千年的中國文明的集中展覽。今天來北京，紫禁城幾乎是你不能錯過的第一站。

然後還有長城。北京周圍，八達嶺、居庸關、慈雲寺、箭扣、司馬台 -- 一段段的長城。 大牆並非一朝一代所建造：從公元前三世紀到公元十七世紀，各朝代相繼修復和擴建超過兩千年，從河北的山海關在東邊到甘肅的嘉峪關在西邊，總計超過二十萬公里。 1987年被列入世界遺產。 那句老話說：『沒有攀登長城的人不是真正的男人』-- 到北京沒有看長城就不算是真正的旅行。

還有天壇這座古蹟，明清皇帝每年在這裡獻祭天地，祈求豐收。 在 1998 年被列為世界遺產， 是世界上最大的祭祀建築群。祈年殿、太和殿、圓明園 —— 它的牆壁在南方是方形，在北方是圓形，象徵著「天圓地方」。 一處比紫禁城還大的天地之府，供人天地之靈膜拜的地方，仍在城南，今天市民還會在那裡散步。

往西 suburb 是夏宮 -- 原來的 Garden of Clear Ripples, 由乾隆帝在 1750 年開始, 在壽山和昆明湖周圍, 是最頂代表的中國古典園林, 也是一個世界遺產在 1998 年。 往北方，明十三陵於1409年在天壽山腳下啟建，為十三位明朝皇帝的陵墓，同時也是現存最大的帝王陵墓群之一，於2003年被列入世界遺產名錄。還有就是頤和園 -- 曾被稱為「園中之園」，如今只剩下破敗的牆壁。它沒有說話，然而站在它的遺址前的人們，都會在心中唸出那一段的苦難。 一北京，自明朝到清朝到現代，層層累積 —— 張的安國軍政府只是在上面又添了一頁。 北京的層次並不止於此。明朝十三陵聚集了十三位皇帝在天壽山下，帝王之陵的規模罕見於世；而頤和園雖然已經成了廢墟，仍然圍繞著同一片天空。 一座曾經擁有明清兩朝宮廷,又接受了一位東北強人作為最後一位皇帝統治者的城市 —— 張的政府簡直就是這座老房子的最新租客。

現在到了這個故事的核心。 1927 年 4 月 6 日清晨之前，奉天軍隊和警察包圍了北京的外交使館區內蘇聯大使館 —— 更準確地說，旁邊那座舊俄軍營。 那一天，張政府逮捕了李大釗及其家人，還有在那裡尋求庇護的國民黨和共產黨工人和蘇聯人員，總共數十人。 李大釗，字壽昌，出生於1889年，在河北樂亭。 他是北京大學的教授，死時三十八歲。他是這一事件的導火線人物。 我們不會在他黨派或他的教義上停留；我們只追蹤他在這一事件中，並將更大的故事留給記錄。

張的政府為搶劫提供了公開的理由：蘇聯大使館和舊俄軍營已經很長時間用作共產國際和中共黨的基地，隱藏武器和宣傳品，並試圖顛覆其統治。 raid揭露了大量的文件、電報和會議記錄，北洋政府後來將其出版為《蘇聯陰謀證據編輯》。資料顯示李大釗和其他人收到蘇聯的資金和指示，並根據共產國際的路線組織工人和農民運動。 在他被捕後，李在法庭上和新聞界承認他傳播共產主義和他與蘇聯的關係。 4月28日，李和19名其他人在北京市看守所受審並被執行死刑；他年僅38歲。 在他死前拍攝的最後一張照片，他的表情是平靜的。 我們將可證實的紀錄呈上給你 ——並將判斷留給你。

The irony sits right here: Zhang was the strongman who sent troops into an embassy, yet stories say he held a certain respect for Peking University and for education -- a contradiction within the man of the sword. And precisely in the years he held power, the newspapers of Beijing and Shanghai went on criticizing the government; the ''inclusiveness'' that Beida was known for still stood even under military rule. A regime that dared storm an embassy still tolerated a press that cursed even the Grand Marshal -- that looseness in itself is something worth noticing.

In June 1928, the Northern Expedition surrounded Beijing on three sides, and Zhang could hold no longer; he decided to retreat to the northeast. In the early hours of June 3, he left Qianmen Station by special train. The next morning, a little after five, as the train reached Huanggutun in Shenyang, beneath the triple-arch bridge where the Jingfeng Railway crosses the South Manchuria Railway, a tremendous blast -- the bridge collapsed, and his private car was blown to pieces. Zhang was gravely wounded and died that same day. Wu Junsheng, the military governor of Heilongjiang, who rode in the same train, was killed on the spot.

The explosion and the wreck of his car -- this is the moment the cameras caught. But who set the charge? The accounts do not agree, and we lay out both.

One account points to the Kwantung Army: Kawamoto Daisaku, a Japanese officer later tried as a war criminal, confessed that the Kwantung Army had planted the explosives beneath the bridge to remove this ''rely-on-no-one'' Northeast King. Another account was the official Japanese line at the time, claiming it was a ''train derailment.'' We present both. The photograph of the explosion caught in that instant already says a great deal -- for who, at the very moment of the blast, could happen to press the shutter?

After the incident, Zhang''s son Zhang Xueliang made a startling decision: he kept the death secret. The commander''s mansion kept up the pretense that the ''Grand Marshal was fine,'' deceiving the Japanese. Only after more than half a month, when Zhang Xueliang had returned to Fengtian and steadied the northeast, was the death formally announced. For those two weeks, the power of the northeast hung by a single hair. Zhang''s last words to those around him: hurry Xueliang back, and put the country above all else. All his life he had maneuvered between Russia and Japan, never fully relying on either, never quite offending either to death. He seems to have carried one ledger always: the northeast must not fall into foreign hands. He did not finish that ledger before he fell beneath that bridge. Today in Shenyang, the triple-arch bridge at Huanggutun no longer looks as it did -- but a monument marks where the railways cross, a spot made concrete enough to take the breath.

Having come this far, you may wonder: are these places still there? They are. Start with the Zhang Family Mansion in Shenyang, just south of the Shenyang Imperial Palace -- a national key cultural relic and a 4A scenic spot; that is the Republican trace. But the city itself, three centuries before Zhang, was ''the birthplace of one dynasty and the capital of two.'' In 1625, Nurhaci built the Shenyang Imperial Palace here; Hong Taiji finished it. Together with the Forbidden City in Beijing, it is one of only two complete royal palace complexes surviving in China -- inscribed as an extension of the Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing in 2004. The Shenyang palace has a feature found nowhere else: the Manchu ''palace high, hall low.'' The Da Zheng Hall and the Ten Kings'' Pavilions stand in a row; the Wen Su Ge once housed the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. To visit Shenyang, this ''Forbidden City beyond the pass'' is a stop you cannot skip.

The Zhang Family Mansion -- the Daqing Tower within it -- sits right beside the imperial palace. A Republican building raised by a greenwood man, sharing one city with the Qing dragon''s rise. A mansion and a palace, a few streets apart, tell the same Shenyang story from two centuries.

Outside Shenyang lie two founding emperors. The North Tomb -- the Zhao Mausoleum -- is the tomb of Hong Taiji and Empress Xiaoduanwen, begun in 1643; it is a model of Qing imperial tomb joined with modern garden, its stone spirit way stretching in solemn ranks, and today it is Beiling Park right inside the city. The East Tomb -- the Fu Mausoleum -- holds Nurhaci and Empress Yehe Nara, built from 1629 to 1651; up its spirit way run one hundred and eight steps, the ''one hundred and eight rises,'' a living specimen of Jurchen burial custom. With the Yongling Mausoleum at Xinbin near Fushun, they are called the ''Three Mausoleums of Shengjing.'' One Fengtian city keeps the dragon''s rise of the Qing laid whole beneath the ground.

The East Tomb of Nurhaci, with its one hundred and eight stone steps, and the North Tomb of Hong Taiji, with its long avenue of stone figures, anchor the Qing''s northeastern origins. Together with Yongling, the ''Three Mausoleums of Shengjing'' turn Shenyang into an open textbook of the dynasty that would rule China for nearly three hundred years.

Go back further still, to prehistory. The Xinle site in the northern suburbs of Shenyang is a Neolithic matriarchal village settlement more than seven thousand two hundred years old. Stone tools and pottery have been unearthed there, and a wood-carved bird -- the oldest precious artifact excavated in the Shenyang area, and one of the world''s oldest surviving wood-carving crafts. See: from a Neolithic village seven thousand years ago, to the Qing dragon''s rise, to Zhang''s Republican mansion, Shenyang stacks the whole timeline of the northeast onto one patch of ground. Zhang''s mansion is only the newest layer.

Enough of sights -- let''s talk of eating and living. The northeast has an old saying almost every local has heard: ''Guan Dong has three treasures -- ginseng, sable, and wulacao grass.'' That is the old trio. As times changed, the people made a new trio: ''ginseng, sable, and deer antler'' -- swapping wulacao for antler. Why the swap? Because wulacao was an old cold-weather grass; once industrial cotton shoes arrived, it stepped aside, while antler became a more valuable medicine. The shift of one saying is itself a chapter of economic history. Ginseng, the locals call it ''bangchui''; the ''fangshan'' who gather it tie the root with a red string for fear it ''runs,'' then dig it with care -- a craft of reverence for nature, listed as provincial intangible heritage.

The northeast''s customs were also summed up as the ''Eight Oddities,'' each a real scene of daily life: first, ''paste window paper on the outside'' -- to keep winter window frames from soaking and cracking; second, ''girls with pipes'' -- rural life was dull, and girls smoked dry tobacco for relief; third, ''wear the fur coat reversed, fur out'' -- among the three treasures, sable worn fur-out blocks the wind; fourth, ''raise the child by hanging'' -- the cradle hangs from the beam, called a ''youche''; fifth, ''a jin and a half of liquor shows no stranger'' -- strong drink against the cold and warm hospitality; sixth, ''cotton wula shoes on the feet'' -- the wula boots; seventh, ''eat no fresh vegetables but pickled'' -- cabbage won''t keep through winter, so northeasterners invented pickling; eighth, ''everyone loves errenzhuan'' -- which leads to the next.

Errenzhuan is a folk art native to the northeast. The common view is that it arose during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing, born from the northeastern yangge dance -- by day the yangge wasn''t enough, so at night farmers invited the best-looking, best-dancing pair indoors; the space was too small to dance, so they worked on singing and dialogue, singing local tunes and little operas -- and that was the embryo of errenzhuan. The ''Peidu Jilue,'' printed during the Tongzhi reign, already records it, then called ''bengbeng.'' Northeasterners have a fierce saying: ''rather skip a meal than miss errenzhuan. '' Yet from the Qing through the Republic and beyond, almost every dynasty''s government banned it, on grounds of ''corrupting morals'' -- a thing born in the greenwood and raised in the rivers and lakes always walks the tightrope between the vulgar and the refined.

On food: three things run through a northeasterner''s days -- pickled cabbage, barbecue, and the bathhouse. Pickled cabbage is the landing of that ''eat no fresh vegetables'' oddity -- a jar of suancai is a northeasterner''s confidence through winter; pork-with-pickle stew, suancai with pork belly, suancai dumplings, every home makes them. Barbecue needs no saying: ''a big gold chain and a small watch, three meals a day of little barbecues'' is a joke, yet it points to barbecue''s weight in the northeastern table. And the bathhouse -- from the old public bath to today''s bath centers, rinse, soak, steam, scrub, wash, all in one -- a memory unique to every northeasterner. Add the guan dong brotherhood of the roadside inn and the bandit camp, and the human warmth of the northeast, sharing one city with the Zhang mansion''s villa, a few streets apart. Young people now joke that the ''new three treasures'' are skewers, bathhouses, and mahjong, self-mocking as ''heavy industry barbecue, light industry microphone'' -- a joke it may be, but power comes and goes, while craft and flavor remain.

What did the northeast live on? Zhang''s Northeast Kingdom rested on resources: soybeans, sorghum, timber, coal and iron, furs -- the white mountains and black waters were a granary and a mineral storehouse. With the Manchurian railway open, goods and people moved faster; Zhang himself built industry and promoted education, meaning to run this black-soil land as his own independent kingdom. Come to the northeast today, and equipment manufacturing, grain bases, and port logistics are, at bottom, the continuation of that same resource logic. And the old saying of ''ginseng, sable, and wulacao grass'' remains, to this day, the first calling card this black soil offers the world.

From the Forbidden City to the Great Wall, from the Shenyang Imperial Palace to the tombs of the Qing founders, from the seven-thousand-year-old Xinle site to the bridge at Huanggutun -- Beijing and Shenyang hold layer upon layer of time. Zhang Zuolin''s mansion is only the newest layer laid down. A man who walked from the greenwood to the head of state now rests among these places, and within the layered time of these cities.

Zhang Zuolin died; Zhang Xueliang succeeded him, and by year''s end the northeast pledged allegiance to the central government -- but that is a later story. The real sites remain today: Zhongnanhai in Beijing, the Zhang Family Mansion in Shenyang, the bridge at Huanggutun outside Shenyang; and older than all of them -- the Forbidden City and the Wall in Beijing, the Shenyang palace, the North and East Tombs, the Xinle site. A man who walked from the greenwood to the head of state left his mark among these places, and within the layered time of these cities.

The last head of state of Beiyang bowed out -- yet this land''s story never truly ends.

→ Watch this episode (with footage and maps): A Bandit President, a Seized Professor, and a Fatal Blast | Shenzhou Dadi Ep27 (Shorts)