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2,300年前,中國僅佔世界總面積的八十一分之一

來源:SY 視野 | 2026年9月30日

作者:業州愚公

兩千三百年前,兩個字「中國」並不指稱一個國家。 根據史書的記載,當時中國的領土還不及今日中國的一半。

編輯評論 / Editor's Note

古代中國的疆域與影響力相比今日已有顯著差異,當時的中國地區僅佔世界總面積的一小部分。這段歷史時期的中國社會、政治和文化仍在發展階段,遠未達到後來的盛世局面。隨著時間的推移,中國的版圖逐漸擴張,對世界的影響也日益增大。

「2,300年前,中國是世界的1/81」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下為本集影片的完整圖文轉錄,可逐字閱讀,也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。

二千三百年前,那兩個字「中國」還不曾用來指稱一個國家。

根據齊國的一個人的記載,

當時是世界的1/81。

這不是某人的猜測 — 這是記載在《史記》上的事實。

這段文字出自《史記》,

在《孟子荀子列傳》中。

司馬遷在這裡記錄了鄒衍的主張,

他是戰國時期齊國的一個人。

原文是這樣寫的 — 「孔子之徒說中國是世界之一八十一分之之一,中國之名叫神州紅縣。」

在神州紅縣內有九個省,

這就是由於虞設的;這並不算作省。

在中國之外有九處如神州紅縣的地方,

這就是所謂的九個省。"

用今天的話說:孔子所描述的「中國」只占世界的八十一分之一。

這個「中國」有個名字:神州紅縣。

神州紅縣內有九個省份

《書》中的九州分別是:揚、陽、斉、荊、徐、雍、鄭、同、梁

但這九個尚未算作真正的省份。

而神州紅縣之外還有八個同樣大小的地區。

九乘九,八十一分之全 —— 這就是「天下」的一切

這就是我們今天使用的「神州」一詞的來源

有一點需要明瞭。周顏所描述的九省並不是與虞舜九州相同的九省

本片內容則採用虞舜九州的設定

濟、炎、青、虞、陽、景、禹、梁、永

原因很簡單:上面那段文中說「[Yu] 先定之」

而只有「[Yu] Gong」這個名字才與「[Yu]」相符

這是一個文本上的決定,非教義上的決定,而且這是整部電影唯一使用的

注意到這個框架

司馬遷自己並不斷言這個事實;他只是記錄了鄒衍所斷言的

那才是唯一的理由,數字才會得以存留

歷史學家在後世寫下了一個人的尺度的主張進入了記錄中,

這個主張超越了那個人的生存時代

「一百八十一分之一」不是在那個人的生存時期就可以檢查的測量標準;

這是一個有人選擇保存的句子,而保存是把一個私人的

猜測轉化成一個共有的事實。

鄒衍是齊國的人

他的出生和死亡在史書中沒有記載

較為常見的傳記把他放在公元前324年至公元前250年之間。

他接續奉行五行之教,

以金木水火土的轉輪來解釋為何帝王相繼興替。

機制簡單明瞭:每一個元素都有它的德性,當一個元素的德性耗盡時,接下來的元素就會供應後面的一個元素,於是,一個德性耗盡的王朝,按照這種邏輯,已經結束了,而下一個統治者的權力,則來自於後面的元素。

他還提出了九大行省。

齊人給他取了個綽號 ——

談天眼(Zou Yan who talks about heaven)。

這個綽號被記載在《史記》中。

齊人唱這樣的歌:談天眼,

掉長舌,治國勸君。

三個男人,三個德行。談天眼能夠說天;

掉長舌能夠雕刻龍; 春申君說話如同油滑的軸承一樣順暢。

判斷是半讚半諷 – 對一個願意重新繪製整個世界的人

和半嘲笑,對於談論太過遙遠無法核實的事物

兩個部分都藏在相同的六個字裡面。

齊國的人不知道該以何種心情看待他 – 是以驕傲的心情看待他

還是以嘲笑的心情看待他。有一個細節很容易被忽略。

周遊是齊國人

齊國位於今山東半島,三面臨海

在戰國時期的齊國,海上航行並非陌生的事,當時的人們已經從半島出發橫渡到韓半島

對海面一日三遍的人,自然會問出一個問題:對岸的什麼呢?

他看過的海上景象並非是九個與中國同樣大小的土地的想法的來源

然而這個想法的產生地就在海岸邊

這是我們的解讀,不是歷史記載的

它確實解釋了一個問題:為什麼這個教義從東海岸而非中原地區產生出來

海是你可以站立并看到世界的唯一边缘

每一块陆地的边界都有一个邻国在山丘之外;

海洋只有一个远方的天际线,天际线是一個沒有答案的問題——而這個教義正是為了要回答這個問題而建立的。

從戰國時期到今天,能存活下來的這個字已經在兩千三百年前後改變用途了好幾次。最早的用途是把四個字合在一起:神州之赤縣。後來,人們開始把它拆開,分別說「赤縣」或是「神州」。

那不是我們的推測;那是後來的文獻實際上是怎麼用的。

紅縣最為人所知的用途,是毛澤東在1950年寫下的詩篇《還修沙:對劉亞芝先生的回應》:

夜長天無曉,紅縣天上百年惡魔舞.

「神州」的用途,則源自同一作者在1958年寫下的詩篇《七言律詩:兩首·送神瘟王》:

神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神州,神

注意全名是「兩首詩」,不是簡稱「韻律詩」

它是一套兩首詩

第二首包含這一行:「千條柳枝在春風中;

六億屈原,都是順和堯。」

那一年,江西省余江縣消除了血吸蟲病; 人民日報於1958年6月30日報導了這件事,

之後毛澤東又於翌日為這兩首詩作了文字。

將這兩個例子放在一起,會出現一些有趣的現象。

同樣的人物,對同一個字的選擇是「紅縣」一次、「神州」一次。

到二十世紀中葉, "紅縣"和"神州"已經成為兩個可以互換的名詞,

這兩個古名都用來稱呼這塊土地。

兩首詩的時間差距有八年。

除了時間之外,其他的都是一樣的。改變的是不是字詞本身,而是它的層次。

一個固定在地理書籍裡的名字,仍是一個可以商榷的命題;

而一句用在詩中,或用在口頭上說出的話語,它的層次就完全不同了。

the same name echoing through poems, and then pinned to a spacecraft,

becomes something a person feels before they parse it.

Repetition in verse does this — it wears a word smooth until it reads as if it

had always belonged to the speaker.

A spacecraft borrows that settled warmth: it takes an ancient name not because the name describes

the machine, but because the name already carries the feeling of reaching upward.

But Shenzhou moved one layer further after that.

It went from a name in a geography text to a word carrying feeling:

used in poems, used in names.

The spacecraft that goes up today is called Shenzhou — 「神舟

the same sound. It is no longer a geographical proposition.

It has gradually become a kind of self-designation.

That is a very long journey for two characters.

A claim about scale, written down by one man in the state of Qi,

ends up as a name people use for themselves.

Back to Zou Yan. Once this doctrine of the Great Nine Provinces was out,

what happened? The Records of the Grand Historian gives two lines

one a verdict, one an outcome.

The verdict is four characters: "his words are vast and irregular"

he said things of enormous scale, contrary to ordinary sense.

The outcome is this: "when princes and great men first met his doctrine,

they were shaken and turned toward it; afterwards it could not be put into practice."

The feudal lords and nobles, hearing his teaching for the first time,

were stunned by it and even wanted to follow it.

In the end, no one actually carried it out.

Why would a doctrine that magnifies the world eighty-one times fail to spread?

Because it was useless. To a ruler of that time,

where the boundary of the world lay made no difference to how he collected tax that

day, raised troops, or fought his neighbours.

The map Zou Yan drew was too large — so large that it had nothing to do

with the age he lived in.

He could not even prove it.

There was no way, then, to test a claim like "one eighty-first."

A doctrine that cannot change what a ruler does on any given day is a doctrine

a ruler has no reason to fund.

So the nickname "talking about heaven" slowly shifted from admiration into a way of saying "unbounded. "

In later ages the Great Nine Provinces doctrine was filed under the "strange and far-fetched,"

alongside yin-yang portents. A ruler''s attention is a budget.

Every teaching he funds is one he is not funding something else

a canal, a wall, a campaign closer to hand.

A doctrine about the shape of the whole world asks for the same attention as a

teaching about this year''s harvest, yet gives nothing a harvest gives.

That is the quiet meaning of "could not be put into practice":

the doctrine was not forbidden, only never given a reason to be paid for.

But the story turns here. In the nineteenth century, world maps reached China.

People suddenly found that beyond China there really were other civilizations,

other landmasses, other oceans. "What lies beyond China?"

the question Zou Yan asked was right.

He only got the answer wrong.

He answered nine places the size of China; the real answer is seven continents and four

oceans. But in his own time, the number of people who could even ask the question

was already very small.

Today Shenzhou is still one of the names for China.

Several others stand alongside it: Red County, the Nine Provinces,

Huaxia, Zhonghua. Each has its own origin.

The one this film is about is the most unusual of them

because when Shenzhou was born, it was not a self-designation.

It was a unit of measurement.

It answers "how large are we," not "who are we."

And those Nine Provinces of the Yu Gong — Ji, Yan,

Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, Yong — are not abstract ideas.

They correspond to specific ground. Ji is roughly today''s Hebei;

Yan is western Shandong; Qing is eastern Shandong; Xu is northern Jiangsu;

Yang is the lower Yangtze; Jing is the two lakes region;

Yu is the Central Plains; Liang is Sichuan; Yong is the Shaanxi and Gansu area.

Two thousand years on, some of these names became the name of a province,

some the name of a city, and some the place where the food we eat every

day is grown. This is what the series sets out to do.

Shenzhou: China''s Living Heritage is not a travel film, and not a history film.

What it sets out to do is put the two characters Shenzhou back onto specific ground

walking it stop by stop, looking at where each place''s name came from,

what it produces, what business it does, who it has produced,

and what it has left behind.

These names did not survive because anyone preserved them on purpose.

They survived because administration keeps its own memory: a province takes the name of the region

it governs, a city keeps the name of the capital it replaced.

The ground holds the word long after the word''s first meaning is gone.

We start from Beijing, then follow the canal to Yangzhou,

to Quanzhou, to Guangzhou. The people who sailed out from Guangzhou built watchtowers in Kaiping,

earthen buildings in Fujian, and in Shanxi drew up China''s first draft note;

in Huizhou they raised memorial arches.

Further on are the gardens of Suzhou, the West Lake in Hangzhou,

the porcelain of Jingdezhen; the cave temples at Yungang, Longmen,

and Dunhuang; Mount Tai and Qufu.

Each of those places is one entry in the nine provinces.

Each of them can be walked.

That is the whole method: no summary, no overview — just one piece of ground at a

time, until the word is standing on solid earth again.

Follow this line to its end and it comes back to Beijing

because the place we set out from and the place we return to are the same

city.

Last, back to Zou Yan. He travelled widely in his life,

but he stayed longest in one state — Yan.

King Zhao of Yan built him a palace called the Jieshi Palace,

and took him as his teacher.

The Records of the Grand Historian puts it this way:

"King Zhao swept the road before him, and asked to take a seat among the disciples

and receive instruction" — the king holding a broom to clear the way for him,

asking to sit in a pupil''s place and hear him teach.

A ruler, treating a scholar in that posture.

Where was Yan? Its capital was called Ji — and that is where Beijing stands today.

Next time, we begin from here.

Everything mentioned in this film is still where it was.

A word, a river, a city — what kept them alive this long is nothing else:

in every generation, someone remembered. The word is still in the dictionary.

The river still runs. The city still has people in it,

going to work and coming home.

None of that is a monument.

All of it is what the word was pointing at.

The full transcript, the bibliography, and further reading for this film are at sylogs.com.

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▶ 觀看本集影片(含畫面與地圖):2,300 years ago, China was one eighty-first of the world