為什麼宮殿要等待 188 年才有藥房? 北京老店 | 神州 · 北京 02

「為什麼皇宮要等待188年才有藥房呢？北京的老店 | 神州 · 北京 02」是《神州大地》系列的一集。以下為本集影片的完整圖文轉錄，可逐字閱讀，也可前往影片頁觀看對應畫面。

雍正元年

—— 1723 年 —— 皇宮下達了一道命令。

定期向宮廷運送藥物：每隔三個月一次，

毫不延誤。這一規定一直持續到清朝滅亡。

一百零八年。八位皇帝。一個在商業街上的民間藥店，宮廷為什麼要等它？

最後那部電影的結尾

我們說了下一次的目的地是揚州。

我們現在還在北京。

我們沒有改變主意。

這座城市的檔案不能夠

全部塞進一部電影裡。名字、軸線、運河

那是一條線索：誰建造了這座城市。還有一條線索：誰在這裡交易，

又是什麼使他們能夠長存。

那條線要完成之前

我們才能離開。揚州 — 我們要來了。

從大街的名字開始

明代時，洪治皇帝時期，首都每個巷口都設有木柵欄,

早上打開，晚上關上,

以防盜賊入侵。

大門外有一條叫做廊坊四號巷的小街

店家們合攏錢，蓋起了一道比別人高的圍牆

時間一長，人們就不再叫廊坊四號巷了

他們叫它大街巷 —— 大圍牆

京城的街道地圖

在乾隆年間印製的版本

就印出了這三個字。 進入店鋪更深一層，過了一排店名牌。

一一檢視每一名店主所寫的自我介紹，掛在店門上。

內聯盛，成立於清代光緒十九年（公元一八五三年），由趙廷創辦於天津武清。

專門製造官帽底的靴子。

「內」字是指宮內。

「聯盛」是店主對顧客的祝願：希望顧客官職三品。

一家鞋店把客戶的職業

寫進了店名。

瑞福祥的店名來自《求神記》中的故事：

清風蟲的血液，母子都沾在硬幣上

花費完錢後它會飛回家

這種蟲子是財源；瑞和祥都是吉祥的意思。

1862年在济南開業，直到1893年才抵達大市巷。

1864年，陽泉人楊全仁在濟州買下一間已經倒閉的果欄，果欄原名德聚軒，楊全仁將德聚軒的三個字倒轉過來，變成全聚德，自己的名字含有「全」字，「聚德」是指聚集德行。楊全仁並沒有改變店名。

他拿了一個已經失敗過的

在那裡，他把它

轉了過來。

劉比居有兩個版本。

一個是說：七件事情家庭必須開門的

木柴、米、油、鹽、醬油、醋、茶

——店家賣了所有東西，除了茶。 另一說這兩個字指的是古法釀造的六個規則：穀物必須均勻，酵母發聲，浸泡乾淨，器具良好，火候正確，水香。兩者都是店家告訴你它的工作方式 —— 一個是它賣什麼，另一個是它怎麼做。 而杜義初：根據傳統，杜義初是1752年除夕那天

首間沒有休市的首都商店

它獲得的名稱是由皇帝賜予的

杜義初的意思是「全國獨一」

這是一個如此宏偉的稱號

只有皇帝才有資格賜予

回到宮中的那個命令。

這間店是由一位叫做

岳先生的

西安陽創辦的

他是浙江慈溪人，

出生於1630年

在清朝初年，他在宮中醫局擔任小吏，

八品，負責文書的進出

並不是一位名醫：他只是個文員

多年來，他的工作只是在紙上移動

請願書進來，命令出去

他在二十歲的時候，觀察宮廷如何把事情記錄下來。

1669年，他離開了官僚系統，於西大椰街門口外開設了一家藥局，並自命名為：同仁堂 —— 「同仁」兩個字，意指「普遍而精緻」。

他三十九歲，沒有任何名聲可依靠。 三十多年後，當時的第三個兒子，岳鳳鳴，做了兩件事。

1702年，他將藥房遷至大市巷，並將它改造成一間店面。

那之後四年，他把父親的方子整理成書 —— 家族的藥方、丸藥、膏藥、散藥等，出版《同仁堂藥品目錄》。

一間老牌子自己發行的食譜已經是很少見的了。之後他做的事情

就是這部電影存在的原因。

他在那份目錄的序言中

寫了二十個字。他不是寫給其他藥師看的。他是寫給顧客看的：

雖然製作過程很繁瑣,

我還是不敢省工。

雖然材料昂貴，但我還是

不敢動刀子。

這兩個句子都說我不敢，

英語只有十二個字，中文二十個字

——可是其中一個也不誇張的話。 一家已經經營超過三十年的商店,
採用自己的標準，公開在紙上
寫下來，讓任何顧客都可以
拿來檢點他。
然而，只有紙上的話
如果有人願意背著它，
才會像錢一樣消耗。 十七年過後，

馮明珠寫下二十個字的人

有人站到他身後

不是他的對手，是皇宮

在1723年，皇宮設立了皇家藥房

需要一個私人藥店供應藥材

並為內廷準備藥物

選擇的藥店就是同仁堂

那並不是在「皇家」的字面上

而是在皇宮的門禁制度是有規範的

你必須要有皇宮內部的單位發給的通行證才能進入皇宮

店家老闆必須要為每一項食材貼出保人

把自己的家產作為保人

送貨有截止日期：

每三個月一次，無延遲。

而在每一步驟——選擇、混合、準備——有人在監視著。

那些規則持續了一百零八年，通過八個皇帝——雍正、乾隆、嘉慶、道光、咸豐、同治、光緒、宣統——直到王朝滅亡。

錢從哪裡來?

這個問題必須謹慎說出口。

無論我如何查找，找不到任何證據表明

供應宮廷的服務能夠確保特定的客戶數量。事實上，史料顯示的是另一件事：該公司的聲譽已經不再是它能夠自豪的東西了。

清朝的筆記本留下了一行字

各省到京的旅客購買的都是同仁堂的藥品、硼石膏和萬英丹

尤其是萬英丹，都是旅客買來當送禮的東西

買主都是旅客，買來送給別人

已經離開了藥房的街區

在別人的行李中回到了家中

藥房的名聲

不用藥房開口就傳遍了

另一半的錢

來自於藥房的營業方式

前面是藥房，後面是工廠

前面賣藥，後面製藥——

藥房位於西大目張街，

在那本

1706年的藥方書上規定了

藥房內混合丸、末、膏、散等藥物，

柜台和工作台是一體的，

顧客從門口就能看到整個過程。

所以

為什麼這些商店都聚集在大門外面?

在永樂年間

這個區域被稱為郎坊 — 名字本身就說明這些建築都是由宮廷為吸引商人而興建的。

在清朝時期，滿族人和漢族人各自居住:內城內沒有市場也沒有戲院，所以商業活動都往外推展。

本省行會就在這裡也建造了起來。商人從別省來的，到行會一住下，遇見了老鄉，學會了行會的規矩，整個行會都在這一網絡之下。再加上外面正陽門外關帝廟的廟會：逢廟日就是逢客日。

行會大樓，廟會

四樣東西疊在一起，

街上就是堆在那裡的

但在這些商店裡做日常工作的人

不是業主。

進入一間老店當徒弟

通常需要有人從你家鄉介紹

並且要與師傅簽下合約

你開始從打掃地板、看著櫃台

開始學習。服役的期限有一個名字

叫做「三年一節」——三年加上一個

太陽年節。注意這個額外的節氣。

The old trade would not let you

stop on the day you finished learning;

you worked one season past competence,

so nobody could say you left the

moment you were useful.

Craft passed by word of mouth and

by hand.How large was the system?

In the Republican period, one garment-workers'' association

counted 13,300 workers — and 5,500 apprentices.

In an ordinary trade, three or four

masters to one apprentice.

The rules were also written into the

accounts. Old firms commonly kept three-settlement books:

accounts closed at Dragon Boat, Mid-Autumn and

the New Year. A long-standing customer in

good standing could open a ledger and

buy on credit — credit running on the

same clock as the shop''s own year.

Through the Republican years the medicine shop

was still trading outside the front gate.

But the city around it changed its

name first. In 1928 the government moved south

and Beijing was renamed Beiping — centuries of

capital status, gone. Beiping had lived on

the spending of the imperial clan,

the banner households and the officials;

it was a political consumption city.

When the capital left, the spending left

with it. The newspapers of the day

put it plainly: within half a year

there was "population falling by the day,

commerce failing by the day", and closed

shops multiplied.That is the whole lesson

of this act in miniature.

The shops had not got worse at

their work. The customers they had been

built to serve stopped arriving.

A business that had spent two hundred

years getting the rules right could still

be undone by a change in what

the city was for.

After 1937 it was harder still.

The collaborationist regime ran grain rationing;

the ration was a "mixed flour" cut

with bean cake and bran.

Cloth and other goods were brought under

cartel control at fixed prices.

For a pastry house like Daoxiangcun,

oil, sugar, flour and rice were all

held back, and turnover fell month after

month. Quanjude held on until 1948, then inflation

and officers who ate without paying nearly

finished it.The real turn came in

the 1950s. In 1954 Tongrentang became the first

firm in Beijing''s medicine trade to enter

joint state-private ownership. In January 1956 the whole

city followed, and in a single day

17,963 private businesses changed their character.

The method was to assess the assets,

fix the shares, pay a fixed rate

of interest, and run the firm jointly.

One requirement was quite specific: during the

transition, keep the existing way of producing

and trading as far as possible

because the value of an old firm

lay precisely in those unchanged rules.

That instruction is itself evidence.

Someone, at the time, understood that the

rules were the asset.

The change came anyway.

In the early years of joint operation

some old firms cut their range and

quality wobbled. That was written into later

research reports, and it produced protective measures:

traditional lines were to be kept,

old techniques retained, old masters supported.

Today the system still sets a price

on the old names.

In September 2023 the Ministry of Commerce and

four other departments published the results of

their review of China Time-Honoured Brands:

of 1,128 names, 1,000 passed, 73 passed

with conditions, and 55 were removed.

Note the word removed.

The official wording is not "struck off".

Removed means it used to be on

the list. Getting on took history.

Staying on depends on whether those rules

are still being kept.

The Ministry of Commerce named its first

batch of China Time-Honoured Brands in 2006.

In 2011 Dashilan was designated the country''s first

"China Time-Honoured Brand cluster".

Figures from the Xicheng district people''s congress

in 2022 put twenty-six such names in this

area; by 2024 Beijing as a whole had

274.Read one way, those numbers are

a scorecard. Read another: everyone still on

the list is someone who has not

yet lost the rules.

And the "three years and one festival"

never stopped. Tongrentang runs a master-technician studio

today, where intangible-heritage inheritors take apprentices for

a full three years before they qualify.

Neiliansheng still works one master to one

apprentice, and in 2008 its thousand-layer cloth-soled shoemaking

entered the national list of intangible cultural

heritage. The names changed.

The rules are still running.

If you want to go: take subway

Line 2 or Line 8 to Qianmen

station, leave by the southwest exit,

walk north into Dashilan Street. The east end meets Xianyu

Kou, and that stretch holds Duyichu,

Bianyifang, Tianxingju and Changchuntang as well.

The street is not only shops.

Daguanlou, Sanqingyuan, Guangdelou — the cinemas and opera

houses are here too.

The Ruifuxiang facade, Qianxiangyi, Xiangyihao and the

old industrial hall are listed as Major

Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the

National Level, under the heading "Dashilan commercial

buildings".What is protected is not just

the buildings. It is the way of

doing business that lived in them.

Dashilan put this city''s other order on

display: not who holds power, but who

can be trusted to keep it.

From one pill, one pair of shoes,

one bolt of cloth, one duck,

Beijing accumulated something harder to demolish than

a city wall — credit.

A wall is defended by whoever holds

it at the time.

Credit is defended by everyone who ever

gave it.And the story of this

street is not finished.

Walk further, and it is Beijing after 1860

which needs a different set of questions.

This is our reading, not the record

of the histories. The full transcript is

at sylogs.com.

▶ 觀看本集影片（含畫面與地圖）：Why did the palace wait 188 years for a pharmacy? Beijing''s old firms | Shenzhou · Beijing 02